29. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 183, 190; Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 487.
30. See my Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–23 (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 114–26.
31. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 229; J. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace (London-New York, 1956), 173–74.
32. W. Hahlweg, Der Diktatfrieden von Brest-Litowsk (Münster, 1960), 375.
33. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 229–30.
34. On the January 1918 strikes: G. Rosenfeld, Sowjet-Russland und Deutschland 1917–1922 (Köln, 1984), 46–55; Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 196.
35. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 599.
36. Stephen Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution (London, 1974), 65.
37. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 599; John Erickson in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 232–33; E. N. Gorodetskii, Rozhdenie Sovetskogo Gosudarstva (Moscow, 1965), 406–7.
38. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 243–52.
39. Ibid., 324; cf. Hahlweg, Diktatfrieden, 48.
40. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 255–58.
41. Russian text in Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 298–308; English translation in Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 392–402.
42. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 311–12.
43. Soviet declaration in Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 555–58.
44. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 314–15.
45. They are reproduced in VZ, XV, No. 1 (January 1967), 87–104.
46. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 278.
47. Ibid., 289–90, 318–19.
48. Protocols in Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 322–29; see also Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 23–26.
49. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 326–27; in German: Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 25.
50. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 677.
51. K. F. Nowak, ed., Die Aufzeichnungen des General Majors Max Hoffmann, I (Berlin, 1929), 187.
52. Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 383, 390.
53. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 677, and PSS, XXXV, 486–87.
54. Dekrety, I, 487–88; Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 339.
55. I. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommissar war (Munich, 1929), 206–7.
56. Dekrety, I, 490–91.
57. See below, Chap. 18.
58. R. Ullman, Intervention and the War (Princeton, N.J., 1961), 74.
59. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 65.
60. Ullman, Intervention, 137–38.
61. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 607; Gen. [Henri A.] Niessel, Le Triomphe des Bolcheviks et la Paix de Brest-Litovsk: Souvenirs, 1917–1918 (Paris, 1940), 277–78.
62. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la Révolution Bolchevique (Paris, 1920), 244–45.
63. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 489.
64. Niessel, Triomphe, 279–80.
65. Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 284–85; Sadoul, Notes, 262–63; Ullman, Intervention, 81.
66. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 341–43.
67. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP (b) (Moscow, 1958), 211–18.
68. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 376–80.
69. Protokoly TsK, 219–28.
70. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 558.
71. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 385–86.
72. Ibid., 399.
73. Ibid., XXXVI, 24.
74. Niessel, Triomphe, 299.
75. Ia. Piletskii in NZh, No. 38/253 (March 9, 1918), 2; see also V. Stroev, NZh, No. 40/255 (March 12, 1918), 1.
76. See V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Pereezd V. I. Lenina v Moskvu (Moscow, 1926).
77. Hahlweg, Diktatfrieden, 51.
78. Piletskii in NZh, No. 41/256 (March 14, 1918), 1.
79. These are documented in Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 370–430, and analyzed in Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 269–75.
80. Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 275.
81. W. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 2 (January 1968), 84.
82. J. Degras, Documents of Russian Foreign Policy, I (London, 1951), 56–57. Document dated March 5, 1918.
83. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 82–84.
84. Ibid., 85–86.
85. J. Noulens, Mon Ambassade en Russie Soviétique, II (Paris, 1933), 116; cf. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 161–62.
