121. Descriptions in DN, No. 4 (January 7, 1918), 2; Griaduiushchyi den’, No. 30 (January 6, 1918), 4; Pravda, No. 5 (January 6/19, 1918), 2.
122. NZh, No. 7/23 (January 11/24, 1918), 2, and Scheibert, Lenin, 19.
123. NZh, No. 7/23 (January 11/24, 1918), 2.
124. I. S. Malchevskii, ed., Vserossiiskoe Uchreditel’noe Sobranie (Moscow-Leningrad, 1930), 3.
125. Dekrety, I, 321–23.
126. Lenin, Khronika, V, 180–81; Malchevskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 217.
127. Bunyan and Fisher, Bolshevik Revolution, 384–86.
128. Pravda, No. 4/231 (January 6/19, 1918), 1.
129. NV, No. 7 (January 12/25, 1918), 3, in Bunyan and Fisher, Bolshevik Revolution, 389.
130. Sokolov in ARR, XIII, 54.
131. Trotsky in Pravda, No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3.
132. E. Ignatov in PR, No. 5/76 (1928), 28–29.
133. Trotsky in Pravda, No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3.
134. Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 323.
135. V. I. Ignatev, Nekotorye fakty i itogi chetyrëkh let grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow, 1922), 8.
136. D. S. Mirsky, Modern Russian Literature (London, 1925), 89.
137. Sokolov in ARR, XIII, 6.
138. Dewar, Labour Policy, 37.
139. A. S. Izgoev in NV, No. 94/118 (June 16, 1918), 1.
140. G. Aronson, “Na perelome,” Manuscript, Hoover Institution, Nikolaevskii Archive, DK 265.89/L2A76, is the best account of these events.
141. Kontinent, No. 2 (1975), 385–419.
142. NV, No. 91/115 (May 9, 1918), 3.
143. NV, No. 92/116 (May 10, 1918), 3.
144. NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 3.
145. NV, No. 92/116 (May 10, 1918), 3.
146. Ibid.
147. Vladimir Brovkin in RR, January 1983, 47. Aronson, “Na perelome,” 23–24, confirms this assessment.
148. B. Avilov in NZh, No. 96/311 (May 22, 1918), 1.
149. Ibid., No. 99/314 (May 25, 1918), 4.
150. Otro, June 3, 1918, cited in Aronson, “Na perelome,” 15–16.
151. Aronson, “Na perelome,” 7–8.
152. NZh, No. 164/158 (October 27, 1917), 1.
153. NZh, No. 20/234 (January 27, 1918), 1.
154. NZh, No. 111/326 (June 8, 1918), 3.
155. Aronson, “Na perelome,” 21.
156. Dekrety, II, 30–31; Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 599.
157. W. G. Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution (Princeton, N.J., 1974), 263–300.
158. NZh, No. 115/330 (June 16, 1918), 3.
159. W. G. Rosenberg in SR, XLIV, No. 3 (July 1985), 235.
160. NZh, No. 122/337 (June 26, 1918), 3.
161. See, e.g., Stroev in NZh, No. 127/342 (July 2, 1918), 1.
162. NV, No. 106/130 (July 2, 1918), 3.
163. NV, No. 107/131 (July 3, 1918), 3, and No. 108/132 (July 4, 1918), 4; NZh, No. 128/343 (July 3, 1918), I.
Chapter 13
1. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 310.
2. Ibid., XXXV, 250.
3. Ibid., 247; emphasis supplied.
4. Sed’moi Ekstrennyi S”ezd RKP (b) (Moscow, 1962), 171.
5. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia ot peregovorov v Brest-Litovske do podpisaniia Rapall’skogo dogovora, I (Moscow, 1968), 647–49.
6. C. K. Cumming and W. W. Pettit, eds., Russian-American Relations March 1917-March 1920 (New York, 1920), 53–54.
7. Dekrety, I, 16.
8. E.g. Revoliutsiia, V, 285–86.
9. Fritz Fischer, Germany’s Aims in the First World War (New York, 1967), 477.
10. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 278.
11. Ibid., 108.
12. Ibid., 184.
13. One example in ibid., 68–75. See also Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 483–84.
14. See, e.g., Paul Rohrbach’s Russland und wir (Stuttgart, 1915).
15. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 194–96.
16. Rohrbach, Russland und wir, 3.
17. Fritz Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht (Düsseldorf, 1967), passim.
18. Winfried Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918 (Vienna-Munich, 1966), 245–46.
19. Deutsche Politik, No. 26 (June 28, 1918), 805–6.
20. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1870–1921 (New York-London, 1954), 387.
21. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 153–54.
22. Ibid., I, 66–67.
23. Ibid. 59–60; Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 488, has a six-point program.
24. J. Buchan, A History of the Great War, IV (Boston, 1922), 137.
25. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 148–50; Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 487–90.
26. Gerald Freund, Unholy Alliance (New York, 1957), 4.
27. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 194–97, 208.
28. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 30.
