Итог полностью

1 See P. Bourdieu, ‘Epreuvc scolaire el consecration sociale’, Acres de la recherche en sciences sociafes, 39 (September 1981), pp, 3-70.

5 Description and Prescription: The Conditions of Possibility and the Limits of Political Effectiveness

1 This is why conservatives throughout history, from Napoleon [fl to Petain, have always condemned the ’political’ behaviour which they identify with factional and party struggles (see M. Marcel, Jnventaire des apolitismes en France \ in Association fran^aise de science politique, La dfpolitisation. myth? on reality? (Paris: Armand Colin, 1962). ppJWL

2 The tension between sociological scientism and spontaneist voluntarism which always exists in the writings of Marxist theoreticians is doubtless due to the fact that they emphasize either class as condition or class as will, depending on their position tn the division of labour of cultural production, and depending also on the state in which social classes find themselves.

3 This means that history (and particularly the history of categories of thought) constitutes one of the conditions under which political thought can become aware of itself.

4 G Myrdal, The Political Element in the Development of Economic Theory (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964), pp. 10-2L

6 Censorship and the Imposition of Form

1 It is only by perceiving the Freudian model as a particular example of a more general model, which makes any expression the product of a transaction between the expressive interest and the structural necessity of a field acting as a form of censorship, that one can return psychoanalytical concepts to the realm of politics, where they are often formed. The social repression that occurs in the domestic context, as the field for a particular type of relation of power (whose structure varies according to the social conditions), is very specific in its form (one of tacit injunction and suggestion) and applies to a very specific class of interests: sexual drives. But the Freudian analysis of the syntax of dreams and of all 'private’ ideologies provides the instruments which are necessary for an understanding of the labour of euphemization and imposition of form which occurs each time a biological or social drive must come to terms with a social censorship.

2 Of course, nothing contributes quite as much to this as the status of ‘philosopher attributed to its author, and the signs and insignia -academic titles, publishing house, or quite simply his name - which identify his position in the philosophical hierarchy. To appreciate this effect we have only to imagine how we would read the page on the hydro-electric plant and the old wooden bridge (see M. Heidegger, ‘The question concerning technology¹, in Basic IVnnnp, ed. D. F.

Kreil (London: Rout ledge & Kcgan Paul, 1977), p. 297) which led to the author being hailed as ‘the first theorist of the ecological struggle¹ by one of his commentators (R. Scherer, Heidegger (Paris: Sehers, 1973)* p. 5)* if it had borne the signature of a leader of an ecological movement or a minister of the environment or the Ingo of a group of leftist students- (It goes without saying that these different ‘attributions' could not become truly plausible unless accompanied by some modifications in presentation.}

3 ‘At bottom each system knows its own primitive expressions only, and is incapable of discussing anything else’ (J. Nicod* Geometry and Induction* tr. J, Bell and M. Woods (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul* 1969), p. 11). Bachelard notes, along the same lines, that scientific language uses inverted commas to indicate when the words it retains from an ordinary or formerly scientific language are completely re-defined and derive their entire meaning from the system of theoretical relations in which they are integrated (G. Bachelard* Le mut^ ialrsme ranonne! (Paris: Presses Univcrsitaires de France, 1953). pp, 216-17)

4 Language raises particular problems for the social sciences* al least if one accepts that they must be oriented towards the broadest diffusion of results, which is a condition for the Mefetishizing* of soda! relations and the ‘re-appropriation* of the social world The use of the vocabuL ary of ordinary language obviously implies the danger of a regression to the ordinary sense which is correlative with the loss of the sense imposed through integration in the system of scientific relations. The resort to neologisms or to abstract symbols shows, belter (han straightforward inverted commas’, the break with common-sense meaning* but it also risks producing a break in the communication of the scientific vision of the social world.