arts: arcadia, idea of and search for within 98, 101-2, 253-4; Bible translations 54, 99; Catholic Church promotes 53; Commonwealth 98-105; early Polish 98-9; Enlightenment 197-8; fifteenth-century 52-3; influence of Polish arts throughout Europe 102; Italian influence upon 53-4, 85; Jesuit influence upon 128; novel and short story 278-9, 281; painting 202, 280; People’s Republic 346, 352-3, 359-60, 377-8; poets 100-2, 103-4, 131-2, 198, 230, 252-3; political writing 99-100; Positivist Movement 277-80, 281; preoccupation with public affairs and government 99-100; printing presses first used 54, 98, 104; Renaissance 85; Romanticism 252-7, 279; Stanisław Augustus patronises 202-3; theatre 198, 278
Association of Polish Youth (ZMP) 346
astronomy 103
Auerstadt, Battle of (1806) 221
Augustus II, King of Poland 176-7, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182
Augustus III, King of Poland 180, 181, 191, 193
Auschwitz (Oświęcim) 317
Austria xix, 23, 91, 168, 180, 188, 194, 196, 205, 210, 213, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 226, 229, 235, 237, 239, 240, 244-5, 248, 256, 265-7, 273, 274, 291, 292, 311
Azerbaijan 404
Bach, General von dem 329
Balcerowicz, Leszek 385, 404
Balkans xx, 138, 141, 248, 401
Baltic area and people 4, 5, 15, 20, 26, 42, 56, 78, 111, 114, 135, 147, 148, 165, 176, 196, 200, 210, 265, 309, 311
Bank of Poland, Warsaw 269
Barefoot Carmelites 127
Baroque style, seventeenth century 170-5
Bartel, Kazimierz 300
Bathory, Andrew 112
Batoh, Battle of (1652) 146, 164
Baudouin, King of Belgium 368
Bavaria 156, 261
Beck, Colonel Józef 311-12
Belarus 399, 400, 402
Belgium 236
Belka, Marek 394
Belorussia xviii, 92, 245, 268, 282, 293, 296, 299, 342
Belvedere Palace 232
Belweder ceramic factory 201
Bełz 172
Bem, General 239, 249
Bembo, Cardinal Pietro 100
Benedictine Order 14, 127
ben Eliezer, Izrael 184
Beresteczko, Battle of (1650) 145
Bereza Kartuska 304
Berg, General 243
Berlin 336, 386
Berling, General Zygmunt 326, 327, 330
Bernard of Clairvaux, St 20-1
Białystok 185, 270, 306
Bielecki, Jan 389
Bielski, Marcin 99
Biernat of Lublin 62-3
Bierut, Bolesław 335, 354, 355
Birże family 63
Bismarck, Otto von 244, 261, 262, 263
Black Madonna of Częstochowa 174
Blandowski, Captain 248
Blue Army 308
Bniński, Piotr 53
Bobrowski, Stefan 243
Bogusław I, Prince of Szczecin 23
Bogusław X, Prince of Szczecin 110
Bohemia 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 23, 27, 28, 34, 42, 52, 57, 62-3, 64, 110
Bohomolec, Franciszek 198
Bolesław I, ’the Brave’, King of Poland 5, 6, 7, 8, 11
Bolesław II, ’the Bold’, King of Poland 11-12, 27
Bolesław III, ’the Wrymouth’, King of Poland 12-13
Bolesław ’the Chaste’, Duke of Kraków 19
Bolesław ’the Pious’, Duke 17
Bolko, Duke of Swidnica 30
Bologna 32, 54, 55, 100, 103
Bolsheviks 291-2, 294-5, 305
Bonaparte
Bona Sforza, Queen of Poland 68, 69
Boner, Jan 60
Boner, Zofia 75
Bór-Komorowski, General Tadeusz 328, 331
Boris Godunov, Tsar of Muscovy 121
Borodino, Battle of (1812) 229
Botero, Giovanni 118
Bourbon dynasty 91, 146, 161, 162, 163, 175, 182, 239
Brandenburg 9, 20, 23, 26, 28, 30, 149, 157, 165, 166, 167, 187
Brandt, Willy 368
Branicki, Jan Klemens 186, 191
Branicki, Ksawery 211
Branicki Palace, Białystok 185-6
Breslau 342
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918) 291
Bretislav, Duke of Bohemia 9
Brezhnev, Leonid 372, 379
Britain 57, 234, 247, 258, 260, 291, 295, 312, 313, 314, 316, 320, 323, 324, 325, 338
Brzostowski, Paweł 202
Buczacz, Treaty of (1672) 163, 167
Budny, Szymon 64
Bug river 8, 200
Bulgaria 386
Buonaccorsi, Filippo (Callimachus) 53-4, 86
Bureau of National Security 387-8
Burke, Edmund 209
Bush, President George 380, 384
Bush, President George W. 402
Byczyna, Battle of (1588) 135
Bytom 20
Byzantium 56, 297
Bzura river 315
Calvinism 63-4, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76-7, 96, 97, 125, 127, 128, 139
Campo Formio, Treaty of (1797) 220
Canute, King of England, Norway and Denmark 4
Caprivi, Chancellor Leo von 263
Carter, President Jimmy 368, 372
Castellan (
Catherine II, ’the Great’, Tsarina of Russia 191, 192, 195, 199, 204, 210-11, 213, 216, 217, 248, 274