Poland полностью

courts: appeal 89; castellans 46; county 46; ecclesiastical 46, 67-8, 72, 73; magnates 172-3, 181, 184; manorial 50; Supreme 47, 89; starostas 46

Coxe, Leonard 102

Cranmer, Thomas 70

Crimea 141, 143, 148, 239-40, 242, 245, 249

Crimean War 239-40, 242, 245, 249

Crusades 15

Cudnów, Battle of (1660) 151

culture: Commonwealth 85, 98-105, 128, 131-2; Congress Kingdom 198, 230; early Polish 98-9; Enlightenment 197-203; fifteenth-century 52-3; partition 197-203, 252-7, 277-81; People’s Republic 346, 352-3, 359-60, 377-8; Positivist Movement 277-80, 281; see also arts

’Curzon Line’ 325, 327

Cyrankiewicz, Józef 334, 355

Czacki, Tadeusz 229

Czarniecki, Stefan 148, 157

Czarnkowski, Bishop of Pozna 67

Czartoryska, Princess Konstancja 190

Czartoryski, Prince Adam Jerzy 220-1, 226, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239-40, 242, 251, 255

Czartoryski, Prince Adam Kazimierz 190, 191, 197, 201, 220

Czartoryski, Prince August 182, 190

Czartoryski, Michał 152-3, 190

Czartoryski family 148, 152-3, 157, 190, 201, 255; see also Familia

Czartoryski party/faction 236, 251, 255

Czech Brethren 64

Czech Republic 402, 404

Czecho-Slovak state 293

Czechoslovakia 336, 363, 386

Czechowicz, Marcin 64

Czech people 3, 4, 9, 28, 64

Częstochowa monastery 148

Dąbrowa Basin 269, 270

Dąbrowski, General Jan 215, 220, 221, 224

Dąbrowski, Jarosław 242, 254, 276, 381

Dąbski, Jan 296

d’Alembert, Jean 197

Dantyszek, Jan 61

Danzig, Free City of 304, 309, 311, 312

Darwin, Charles 277

Daszyński, Ignacy 292

Dekert, Jan 201, 207

Delegatura 321, 323, 328, 332, 333

Dembiński, General Henryk 239

Democratic Union (UD) 389

Democrats 237, 252, 287

Denikin, General Anton 294

Denisko, Colonel Joachim 219

Denmark 4, 20, 23, 30, 111, 149, 157, 165

Deutscher Ostmark Verein 264

Diderot, Denis 197

Diebitsch, General Ivan 233, 234

diplomatic missions, Polish 152-3

Długosz, Jan 37, 47, 52-3

Dmitry, Tsar 121-2

Dmowski, Roman 286, 288, 291, 310

Dnieper River xix, 142, 151, 204

Dniester River 163

Dobrava, Princess 4

Doenhoff, Stanisław 182

Dominican Order 126

Drohojowski, Bishop of Kujavia 65

Drucki-Lubecki, Prince Franciszek 232, 269

Drzymała, Michał 264

Duma, Russian 288, 297

Dumouriez, Colonel Charles François193

Dupont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel 197

Dutch Mennonites 64

Dutch settlements 50, 64

Dwernicki, General Józef 233

Dygat, Stanisław 360

Działyński, Adam Tytus 229

Dzierżyński, Feliks 284

ecclesiastical courts 46, 67-8, 72, 73

economy: agriculture see agriculture; banks 201, 213, 264; Commonwealth 152-7; fiscal 31-2, 48-50, 156; imports and exports 48, 153, 154, 156, 201, 270, 271, 309, 364, 365, 373; industry 200-1, 269-71, 293, 308, 309, 349-51, 365; partition 200-2, 213, 264, 269-71; People’s Republic 349-51, 363, 364-5, 366, 368-9, 370-1, 373-4, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381; Polish Republic 307-9; royal mint 200, 215; seventeenthcentury 152-7; Third Republic 385, 386, 389, 390-1; taxation 67, 72, 73, 117, 156, 206; treasury 196, 215; World War II and 338; zloty 377, 405

education: Catholic Church’s role in 14; Commission for National Education (1773) 197; decline in seventeenth century 159; Jesuits and 144, 159, 189, 197; partition 274-5; People’s Republic 351-2, 373; Polish Republic 309-10; Russianisation 274-5; schools 14, 100, 197, 199; universities 32, 100-1, 127-8, 197, 229, 309, 358, 359; World War II 318, 321

Edward IV, King of England 70

Elbe, River 3, 8

Elbląg (Elbing) 23, 51, 92, 155, 364

elections, Duma 288, 297

elections, Polish kings 84-5, 106-9, 112-13, 136, 162, 163, 175-6, 180, 191

elections, Polish parliamentary: 1922 298-9; 1928 300-1; 1930 301; 1935 302; 1938 302; 1947 335; 1957 358; 1989 382-4; 1990 388; 1991 389, 396, 397; 1993 382, 391; presidential (1995) 392; 1997 392-3; presidential (2000) 393; 2001 393-4; 2005 394; 2007 396; presidential (2005) 394-5

Elert, Piotr 131

Elizabeth of Habsburg, Queen of Poland 55, 68

emigration: Jews 345; Poles 263, 267, 306, 345, 356, 367, 395

émigrés, Polish 213, 251-2, 253-4, 276, 277, 360, 367, 373, 399

Engels, Friedrich 239, 247

Enlightenment 189, 197-203, 221

Erasmus 70, 102, 103-4, 125

Eric, King of Sweden and Denmark 4

Eric XIV, King of Sweden 113

Estonia 389

ethnic minorities within Poland 1-2, 9-10, 15, 17, 92-3, 104-5, 110, 218-19, 303-4, 322, 339-40, 342-5; see also Jewish people and culture

European Union 392, 393, 401, 402, 404, 405, 408

executionist movement 71-2, 73, 79, 98, 112

exile, Poles 249, 251-7, 271, 276, 278, 284, 335, 338-9, 356, 388

exports, Polish 48, 153, 154, 156, 201, 270, 271, 309, 364, 365, 373

Ezofowicz, Abraham 60

Ezofowicz, Michał 60-1

Falanga Party 307

Falimirz, Stefan 99

Familia 190, 191, 192, 196, 199, 205, 251

Feodor I, Tsar 138

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 56

Firlej, Jan 75

Firlej family 75, 119

Flying University, Warsaw 368

Foreign Legion, French 236

foreign policy: Commonwealth 114-17, 164-8; Congress Kingdom 227; Polish Republic 311-12; public opinion affects 89-90; Third Republic 398-404; Vasa kings 114-16

Forge, the 207