Poland полностью

Catholic Church 14-15, 27-8, 32, 39, 44, 53, 58-63, 262, 345; Act of Union, Orthodox-Catholic 139, 140; Baroque and 174; bishops 5, 44, 60, 62, 83, 118; Counter-Reformation and 74-5, 125-7; culture and education, role in spread of 14-15; early lack of zeal for 14-15; ’executionist’ movement and 72, 73; finances placed under state supervision 196; Germanisation, takes steps to counter (1285) 27; helps to reunite country, thirteenth century 61-2; increases Polish contact with outside world 32; Jesuits and 127, 128; land ownership 46, 50, 62, 155, 196, 215, 347; legal system and 46; Orthodox Church and 139-40; partition and 242, 261, 262, 263, 273-4; People’s Republic of Poland 335, 338, 345-6, 347, 351, 357, 358-9, 360-1, 366, 368, 378-9, 380, 381, 382; political power 62-3; Reformation and 65-77, 125-7; state religion, enshrined as 208; szlachta and 62-3, 125-6, 129; taxation of 206; Teutonic Order and 61-2; Uniate Church and 139, 140, 274; under early Piast kings 27; see also religion

Catholic League 115

Catholic University of Lublin 358

Cecora, Battle of (1620) 144, 163

Cedynia, Battle of (972) 4

Cegielski, Hipolit 264

Celtis, Conrad 54

Central National Committee (1863) 243

Centralizacja 236, 237-8

Centrołew 301

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 61

Charles IX, King of France 106, 108, 115

Charles IX, King of Sweden 114, 122

Charles X Gustavus, King of Sweden 147, 148, 165

Charles XII, King of Sweden 177-8

Charles Robert of Anjou, King of Hungary 28

Chartists 247

Chełm 149

Chełmno 21, 22

Chernenko, Konstantin 379

Chevaux-Legers Polonais 222, 224, 225

Chirac, Jacques 402

Chłapowski, General 233

Chłopicki, General Józef 232

Chmielnicki, Bohdan 144, 145, 146-7, 149, 151

Chmielnik, Battle of (1241) 19

Chocim, Battles of 163, 171

Chodkiewicz, Jan Karol 115, 118, 122, 134

Chopin, Fryderyk 230, 255

Christian National Union (ZChN) 387

Christian V, King of Denmark 177

Christianity, Poland adopts 4; see also Catholic Church; religion

Christ’s Knights of Dobrzyn 21

Chrzanowski, Wiesław 387

Chrzanowski, General Wojciech 239

Church of St John, Gdańsk 65

Churchill, Winston 325, 326, 327, 330, 331

CIA 356

Cimoszewicz, Włodzimierz 391

Cistercian monks 14

Citizens’ Militia (MO) 333, 365, 374, 376, 385

Citizens’ Platform (PO) 393, 394, 395, 396

Clement VII, Pope 60

Clement VIII, Pope 125

Club of the Catholic Intelligentsia (KIK) 359, 371, 397

coal industry 269, 293, 309, 349, 350, 365

Code Napoléon 222

Collegium Nobilium 189

Colonisation Committee 263, 264

Comecon 350, 389

Cominform 336

Commission for National Education 197

Commonwealth, Polish: administrative structure, lack of 93-4; army 89-90, 111-12, 131-5; birth of 80, 81, 82-5; building projects 96-8; culture 94-5, 104; economy 152-7; ethnic groups 92-3, 303; flaws in 249-51; foreign policy 114-17; Lithuania, role in 80, 81, 82; monarchy and 80, 82-5, 90-1, 106-9, 112-20; parliamentary system 80, 82, 88-90; population 92; religion 125-31; size of 92, 303; Ukraine, role in 136-46, 148, 150; urban life 92

Communist Party of the Soviet Union 355, 375

Comte, Auguste 277

concentration camps xviii, 317, 322, 331, 334, 336, 344, 347, 376

Condorcet, Marie Jean, Marquis de 209

Confederate Army, US 249

Confederation, right of 88, 179, 180, 192, 192, 219

Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN) 387

Confederation of Bar (1768-72) 193-4

Confederation of Targowica 211-13

Confederation of Warsaw 76, 106, 113, 117, 130, 139

Congress Kingdom 226-31, 241, 269

Congress of Vienna, 1814 226

Connor, Dr Bernard 175

Conrad, Joseph 296

Consensus of Sandomierz (1570) 71, 117-18

Consilium Rationis Bellicae (Tarnowski) 132

Constantine, Grand Duke of Russia 227, 230, 232, 241, 243

Constantinople 56, 58, 138

constitution: fifteenth-century developments in 43-5, 47; seventeenth-century problems with 156-62, 186-8; eighteenth-century pressure for reform 189-94, 205-10; 3 May 1791 208-12, 217, 219, 251; 1921 298; 1935 302; 1947 (provisional) 335; 1952 336; 1989 385; Acta Henriciana 84, 86, 107-8, 114, 117; Church’s immunity from taxation and 67, 72, 73; deference to precedent 85-6; ecclesiastical tribunals, jurisdiction annulled 67-8, 73; lacks procedures for correct behaviour 86; monarchy and 84, 86, 90-1, 106-8, 109-10, 112-14, 117; morbus comitialis 157-62; Pacta Conventa 84, 86, 107, 108; pressure for a clearly defined 78, 79; Reformation as a constitutional issue 66-7; religious freedoms and 76-7, 107-8, 139-40, 208; szlachta and 78, 79, 88, 109; tied to opinions of electors 86-7; veto and 87, 181

Cooper, James Fenimore 234

Copernicus (Mikołaj Kopernik) 61, 102-3

Cordoba, Caliphate of 4-5

Corona Regni Polaniae 36

Cortes, Ferdinand 61

Corvinus, King Mattias 42

Cosmas of Prague 9

Cossacks 140-2, 143-9, 151, 152, 154, 162, 165, 178, 184, 224, 225

Council of Constance (1415) 40

Council of Nicea (AD 235) 64

Council of Trent 74, 99

Counter-Reformation 57, 74-7, 104, 114, 125-7, 174