Poland полностью

Sarmatians 1-2, 47, 94, 95, 96, 164, 170-1, 175, 199, 264

Saxons 2, 176, 181, 191, 196

Saxony 177, 178, 179, 196

Schmidt, Helmut 368

Schönbrunn, Treaty of 222

Schroeder, Gerhard 403

Second Polish Corps 325

Sejm 44, 57, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 79, 80, 82, 83, 86, 88, 89-90, 93, 112, 163; 1496 50; 1555 proposes Church of Poland 68, 70; 1558 debate on death of Zygmunt Augustus 82; 1563 decrees inspection of starosties 73; 1573 Convocation 83, 84, 106-7; 1589 attempt to reinforce religious freedoms 113-14; 1658 discusses parliamentary reform 161; 1703 177; 1703-10, not summoned 180-1; 1712 ’Dumb Sejm’ 179; 1764, Convocation, 191, 192, 200; 1767 192-3; 1773 ratifies treaties of partition 196; 1775 200; 1780 197; 1788, Great 205-6, 207, 251; 1789 appoints commission to prepare a new constitution 206; 1818 228; 1820 228; 1825 228; 1919 297-8; army and 90; birth of 43; broken up by use of veto 181; combines with Sejm of Lithuania, 1569 80; Confederation of Warsaw (1573) and 76, 83, 84, 106-7, 113, 117, 130, 139; Congress Kingdom 226-7, 228; court of appeal function, assumes Supreme (1578) 89; debate on influence of Church in society 62; decisions published in Polish not Latin, 1543 103; degree of representation 47; election of monarch (Election Sejm) (1573) 83-4; election of monarch (1493) 45; election of monarch (1501) 46; election of monarch, Commonwealth method of 80, 82-5; foreign policy, public opinion affects 89-90; labour-rent, increases (1520) 50; loses control over foreign affairs 115-16; morbus comitialis 158; Nihil novi, passes 46; peasant representat ion in 89; People’s Republic 346; Permanent Council, abolishes (1789) 206; prevents peasants from moving to towns 50; Protestants within 63; regional viewpoints obstruct national legislation 158; szlachta dominate 47; takes over all legislative functions 47; taxation 156, 206; Third Republic 386, 389, 390-1; towns, under-representation of in 88-9

sejmik courts 46

sejmiks 45, 46, 67, 87, 187, 191, 197

Self-Defence (Samoobrona) 390, 394, 395, 396

Senate 45, 62, 63, 73, 80, 82, 106, 117, 118, 144, 149, 157, 168, 229, 298, 299

Senatus Consulta 157, 186, 187, 188

Serbia 400

Shah of Iran 368

Shakespeare, William 131

shipyard workers 363-4, 371

Shuisky, Dmitry 123

Shuisky, Ivan 112

Shuisky, Tsar Vasily 112, 122-3

Siberia 154, 246, 251, 285, 316

Sich, Cossack headquarters 140, 141-2

Siciński, Władysław 160

Sieniawska, Urszula 172

Sieniawska, Zofia 181, 182

Sieniawski, Adam Mikołaj 182

Sienieński, Jan 127

Sienkiewiczk, Henryk 278, 290

Sigismund, John, Elector of Brandenburg 166

Sigismund of Luxembourg 37

Sigismund Vasa, Prince of Sweden 112, 113

Sikorski, Radosław 396

Sikorski, General Władysław 289, 299, 302, 319, 324, 325

Silesia 2, 11, 16, 17, 19, 26, 28, 30, 34, 110, 113, 148, 238, 265, 293, 307, 312, 316, 357, 362

Siwiec, Ryszard 363

Skallon, Georgii 288

Skarga, Piotr 74, 75, 139

Skłodowska-Curie, Maria 280

Skrzynecki, General Jan 233, 234

Skubiszewski, Krzysztof 385, 399, 400

Sławek, Walery 301

Słowacki, Juliusz 255, 257, 352

Slavs 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 21, 26, 42, 58, 94, 110, 251

Slenzanie 2, 5

Slovakia 1, 400

Śmigły-Rydz, Edward 301, 302

Smolensk 80, 122, 123-4

Sobieski, Jakub 131, 175-6

Sobieski, Hetman Jan 162, 163-4, 169, 171; see also Jan III, King

Sobieski, Marek 117

Sobieski family 98, 172

Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland (SDKP) 284

Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) 284

Social Democratic Party of Poland (SdRP) 386, 389

Society for National Education 286

Society for Scientific Assistance, Poznań 277

Society of Friends of Learning 206-7

Solidarity (Solidarność) xviii, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 381, 390, 391, 392, 393, 397

Somo Sierra, charge of (1808) 225

Sosnkowski, General Kazimierz 289, 325

Soviet Union: disintegration of xx, 379-84, 385-6; Nazi-Soviet partition of Poland (1939) 316-17; negotiations over Poland (1943) 325-7, 332-3; non-aggression pact with Poland (1932) 311; occupation of Poland post-1944 332-7, 338, 339, 342-53, 354-83; Polish frontier 325, 326; Politburo 372, 376-7; Stalin and see Stalin, Joseph; Ukraine and 304; Warsaw Pact and 355; World War II 311-12, 316, 323-5

Sozzini, Fausto 64, 75, 127

Spain 113, 153, 248, 249

Spree, River 26

’Springtime of the Nations’ (1848) 237-9, 250, 276

Stadion, Count 266

Stadnicka, Maryanna 172

Stalin, Joseph 256, 274, 304, 312, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 342, 343, 354, 355, 356, 357, 378, 401, 403

Stalingrad, Battle of 325, 329, 341

Stalinogród 354

Stanisław I, King of Poland 177-8, 180, 190

Stanisław II Augustus, King of Poland 191, 198, 202, 204, 205, 206, 208-9, 211-13, 215, 216-17, 222, 224, 230

Stanisław, Bishop of Kraków 12, 27

Stanisław of Skarbimierz 86

Stargard 26

starosties 44, 46, 72-3, 90, 97, 118-19, 156

Starosty of Bełz 83, 97

Staszic, Stanisław 206-7, 217, 269

State Economic Planning Commission 348

Statute of Kalisz (1264) 17

Statute of Košice (1374) 35

Statute of Piotrków 32

Statute of Wiślica 32