Poland полностью

Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount 239-40

Panufnik, Andrzej 353

Papacy 4, 5, 11-12, 28, 58, 66-7, 69, 121, 216

Paris 32, 53, 54, 107, 152, 180, 185, 190, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213, 219, 224, 234, 236, 237, 238, 245, 247, 248, 255, 276, 291, 292, 293, 294, 305, 319, 367, 399, 402

Paris Commune 248, 276

parliamentary system: class distinctions, sharpens 88; constitution and see constitution; elections see elections; Polish Republic 299-303; Sejm see Sejm; Senate see Senate; szlachta and see szlachta; Third Republic 386, 389, 390-1, 396, 398, 408; under-representation of the towns within 88; veto 87, 181, 186-7, 191, 192, 198, 209

partition, Polish xix; 1772 194-7, 205; 1793 211-13; 1795 216; Nazi-Soviet, 1939 316-17

Pasha, Iskander 142

Paskevich, General Ivan 233, 234-5

Patkul, Johann 176

Patriotic Movement for National Regeneration 377

Patriotic Society, Warsaw 230

Paul I, Tsar of Russia 217

Paul IV, Pope 70

Paul V, Pope 122

Pawłak, Waldemar 391

peasants 16-17; co-operatives 202, 240; councils 89; emancipation 271-2; farmers on szlachta estates 48; free villages (’Dutch settlements’) 50; lack of national consciousness 250; manorial courts and 50; parties 267, 284; People’s Republic 347-8; prevented from moving to towns (1496) 48; property relationship with landowners 48-50, 183-4, 201-2, 251-2, 271-2; under Prussian rule 263; Sejm increases labour-rents (1520) 50; Sejm, representation in 89; szlachta and 48, 94; tenancies, eighteenth-century reform in 201-2

Peasant Commonwealth of Pawłów (1769) 202

Peasant Party 267, 284

People’s Army (AL) 323

People’s Party 284, 319, 396

People’s Republic of Poland: aristocracy 346; art and literature 352-3, 354, 377-8; birth of 336; censorship 352; Citizens’ Militia 333, 361, 365, 374, 376, 387, 385; Communist Party 323, 334, 336, 346-7, 355, 356, 375, 382, 384, 386, 389, 392; criminal justice system 351; economy 347-51, 363, 364-5, 366, 368-9, 370-1, 373-4, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381; education 351-2, 373; ethnic groups within 342-5; family unit 351; industry 349-51; informers 351; peasants in 347-8; Poznań demonstrations (1956) 355-6, 396; press 346; purges 347; religion in 336, 345, 347, 357-8, 362, 378; Sejm 346; Stalin’s death and 354-5; ’thaw’ (1953-59) 354-9; trade unions 351; unrest within 355-7, 361-2, 363-4, 365, 366, 367-9, 371-84

Peter I, ’the Great’, Tsar 176-7, 178, 179, 180

Petliura, Ataman Symon 294

Petrycy, Sebastian 89

Philip II, King of Spain 113

Piast dynasty 3-35, 43, 45, 53, 110, 208, 345

Piattoli, Scipione 208, 209

Pieracki, Colonel Bronisław 304

Piłsudski, Józef, Marshal 285, 286-7, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294, 296, 298, 299, 300-1, 302, 303-4, 305, 310, 311, 391

Pińczów 63

Pińsk 305, 306

Piotrków 31, 45

Pius IX, Pope 256

Plague (1348) (Black Death) 31, 52

Płock 14

Płowce, Battle of (1331) 30

Podolia 158, 163, 184, 235, 295

poetry, Polish 100-2, 131-2, 198, 230, 252-3, 255

Polanie 1, 2, 3, 11

Polesie Defence Group 315

Polish Air Force 314, 319

Polish Brethren 64, 128

Polish Communist Party 323, 334, 336, 355, 346-7, 356, 375, 382, 384, 386, 389, 392

Polish Corridor 312

Polish Democratic Society 236-8, 251-2

Polish Enlightenment 197-203

Polish language 3, 52, 99, 103-4, 105, 218

Polish League 286

Polish Legions 220-2, 224-6, 236, 248-9

Polish Liberation Committee 327

Polish Military Organisation (POW) 290

Polish National Council 213, 232, 319

Polish Navy 39, 115, 135, 314, 319

Polish People’s Party (PSL Piast) 298, 300, 334-5, 391, 394

Polish Republic 297-313; agriculture 308; birth of 297-9; divided between Soviet Union and Germany (1939) 316-17; economy 308-9; education 309-10; elections see elections; ethnic groups within 303-7; foreign policy 311-12; German occupation of 317-18, 320-32, 339-46; Germany invades 312-13, 314-16; Hitler threatens 311-13; identity, problem of 310; independence gained (1918) 291-6, 297; industry 308; inherits divided structures of differing states 307-8; literature and art 310; parliamentary instability within 299-303; size of 303

’Polish Question’ 247-57

Polish Socialist Party (PPS) 284, 285, 286, 287, 288-9, 300, 301, 305, 327, 335, 336

Polish Women’s League 352

Polish Workers’ Party (PPR) 323, 334-5, 336; subsequently Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR)

Polish-Soviet Friendship Society 352

political parties, birth of 284-7, 288-9; see also under individual party name

Polonus, Benedictus 31

Polotsk 111, 112, 139

Poltava, Battle of 178

Pomerania 2, 4, 11, 12, 15, 20, 21, 26, 30, 110, 115, 147, 148, 238, 261, 265, 293, 315, 316, 342

Poniatowski, Józef 211

Poniatowski, Stanisław 190

Poniński, Adam 196

Popieluszko, Father Jerzy 379

population, Polish: fourteenth century 31, 52; fifteenth century 52; seventeenth century 154-5; eighteenth century 201; Commonwealth 92; Congress Kingdom 226; decrease during World War II 339

Posen, Grand Duchy of 226, 238, 239, 260

Positivist Movement 277-80, 281, 286

Possevino, Antonio 112

Potemkin, Prince 204

Potocki, Antoni Protazy 201

Potocki, Feliks 211

Potocki, Franciszek 191