Mendelson, Stanisław 284
Mennonites 64
Messner, Zbigniew 380
Metternich, Prince Klemens von 256, 266
Michelet, Jules 254
Michnik, Adam 360, 363, 371, 378, 380, 387, 390
Mickiewicz, Adam 230, 239, 252-5, 257, 278, 352, 361
Miełęcin concentration camp 336
Mielecki, Hetman Mikołaj 111
Mielżyński family 229
Mierosławski, Ludwik 238, 239, 242, 244
Mieszko I, Duke of Poland 3, 4-5, 6, 8, 61
Mieszko II, King of Poland 8-9
Mikołajczyk, Stanisław 319, 325, 326, 327, 330, 332, 334
Miłosz, Czesław 360, 373
Military Council of National Defence (WRON) 379
Mill, John Stuart 277
Miller, Leszek 394
mining 51, 156, 268, 269, 376
Ministry of Public Safety 351, 354
Mniszech, Barbara 75
Mniszech, Jerzy 121
Mniszech, Maryna 121, 122, 123
Moczar, General Mieczysław 358, 360, 361, 362
Moczulski, Leszek 387
Modzelewski, Karol 360, 372
Mohacs, Battle of (1526) 56, 110
Moldavia 56, 78, 95, 132, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 204, 219, 404
Molotov, Viacheslav 312, 324, 328
monarchy 45-6, 82-5; Commonwealth 84-6; contract between subjects and 90-1; 1791 constitution and 209; effect of election upon mindset of monarch 156, 157; election of first Commonwealth monarch 84-5; election of monarch (1573) 106-9; election of monarch (1587) 112-13; election of monarch (1632) 136; election of monarch (1669) 162; election of monarch (1673) 163; election of monarch (1696) 175-6; election of monarch (1733) 180; election of monarch (1764) 191; election of monarch, first 84-5; election procedure, attempt to tighten up 113-14; mutinies against (1606 and 1665) 90; oath of loyalty to subjects 90; precedent and 85-6; release clause 90-1, 117-18, 193; source of power in appointments of senior officers 118-19, 157
monasteries 14, 61, 126, 148
Monluc, Jean de, Bishop of Valence 107
Moravia 2, 8, 19
Morges Front 302
Morsztyn, Jan Andrzej 169
Moryson, Fynes 103
Mościcki, Ignacy 300, 301, 302, 319
Moscow 129, 138, 139, 143, 153, 330
Movement for the Defence of Human and Civil Rights (ROPCiO) 368, 371, 397
Mrożek, Sławomir 360
Mścisław 149
Murad II, Sultan of Turkey 56
Murat, Marshal Joachim 221
Muravyov, General 245-6
Muscovy 23, 56-7, 80, 104, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 121, 122, 124, 141, 143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 151, 154, 158, 165, 177, 178, 187
museums 203, 229, 309, 338
music 93, 102, 131, 169, 171, 172, 202, 230, 352, 353
Muslims 39, 128
Nagy, Imre 357
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French 240, 242, 245
Napoleon Bonaparte 220, 222-3, 224, 225, 228, 229
Naruszewicz, Adam, Bishop of Smolensk 198, 203
Narutowicz, Gabriel 299
Narva, Battle of 177
Natanson, Jakub 280
National Armed Forces (NSZ) 322-3
National Assembly 45
National Committee 243, 244, 245, 291
National Council 213, 232, 319
National Democratic Party 286, 288, 296, 300-1, 302, 305, 307
National League 286-7
nationalism: German 260
National Theatre 198
Nations, Battle of the (1813) 224
NATO 355, 392, 404
Natolin group 356, 358
navy, Polish 115, 135, 314, 319
Nazi-Soviet partition of Poland, 1939 316-17
Nazism 304, 311, 339, 408
Nencki, Marceli 280
Netherlands 149, 153, 165, 205
Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia 230-1, 232-3, 235, 238, 240, 283
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 274, 286, 287-8, 289
NKVD 324, 333, 342, 400
nobility
Non-Party Bloc of Cooperation with the Government (BBWR) 300-1
Non-Party Bloc of Support for Reform 391
Northern War, 1700-21 177-9, 180-1
Norway 23
Novgorod 23, 35
Novosiltsev, Nikolai 227, 228, 231
Nowa Huta 349
NSZ (National Armed Forces) 333
Nullo, Francesco 244
Ochab, Edward 355
October Revolution (1917) 366
Oder river 9, 11, 12, 26
Ogiński, Prince Michał Kazimierz 200-1, 205
oil production 268, 280, 309, 394
Okulicki, General Leopold 332, 333
Oleksy, Józef 391, 392
Oleśnica, Jan of 51
Oleśnicki, Cardinal Zbigniew 44, 51
Oleśnicki family 44, 51, 63
Oliwa, Treaty of (1660) 166
Olszewski, Jan 372, 389, 390
Olszewski, Karol 280
Opalińska, Zofia 143, 169-70
Opaliński, Krzysztof 136, 152
Operation Barbarossa 323
Operation Vistula 343, 400
Orhanizatsiia Ukrainskykh Natsionalistiv (OUN) 304, 341, 342
ORMO (Volunteer Reserve of the Citizens’ Militia) 361, 387
Orsza, Battle of (1514) 111
Orthodox Church 42, 58, 65-6, 127, 131, 138-9, 144, 145, 149, 185, 192, 274
Orzechowski, Stanisław 66, 82, 99
Orzeszkowa, Eliza 278
Osóbka-Morawski, Edward 327, 332-3
Ossolineum 229
Ossoliński, Chancellor Jerzy 129, 130, 143, 144, 145, 152
Ossoliński, Józef 229
Ossoliński, Krzysztof 130
Ostrogski, Hetman 111
Ostrogski, Prince Konstanty 138
Ostrogski family 111, 138
Ostrołęka, Battle of (1831) 239
Ostroróg, Jan 55, 99
Oświęcim 317
Otrepiev, Grishka 121
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 3, 4
Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor 4
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor 5, 11
Ottoman army and culture 170, 175, 249
Otwinowski, Erazm 67, 68
Oxenstierna, Axel 115
OZN (Camp of National Unity) 302
Paderewski, Ignacy Jan 290-1, 292, 302, 319
Padua 96, 97, 100, 101, 103
Paine, Thomas 209
painting, Polish 202, 280
Palatines (