Stalin полностью

99. Meshcheriakov, “SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii,” 83–4 (citing AVP RF, f. 048 z, op. 14–6, pap. 4, d. 7, l. 194–5).

100. Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 42 (APRF, f. 3, op. 65, d. 221, l. 66); Zuehilke, Gallant Cause, 35. See also Karmen, No Pasaran!; and Makaseev, “Iz khroniki geroicheskoi respubliki,” 158–64. Karmen would make the film Ispaniia (1939).

101. Litvinov instructed the Soviet chargé d’affaires in Paris to inform the Spanish ambassador that “the Soviet leadership does not consider it possible to comply with requests to supply arms on the grounds that Spain is far away from Russia, such deliveries are expensive, arms cargo can be intercepted, and because the USSR is bound by its declaration of nonintervention and cannot violate it.” DVP SSSR, XIX: 402–3; Degras, Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, III: 203–4.

102. Iakovlev et al., Reabilitatsiia: politicheskie protsessy, 219; “O tak nazyvaemom ‘parallel’nom antisovetskom trotskistom tsentre,’” 37. Pyatakov’s ex-wife Zina had been arrested in Dec. 1927 as a Trotskyite and internally exiled. See also Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 311. After Pyatakov, in bilateral negotiations, had unwittingly demonstrated too detailed knowledge of German metal industry, a Soviet undercover agent in Germany was arrested. Khaustov, “Deiatel’nost’ organov,” 157 (referencing uncited recollections of Spiegelglass).

103. Pravda, Aug. 15, 1936.

104. For Stalin’s role micromanaging the trial, see “O tak nazyvaemom ‘antisovetskom ob”edinennom trotskistsko-zinov’evskom tsentre’,” 92. See also “O tak nazyvaemom ‘parallel’nom antisovetskom trotskistskom tsentre’,” 42. The trial transcript was made available in foreign translations, including in English: The Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Center (New York, 1936). For a multisided analysis of how contemporaries saw the trial, including Trotsky’s misapprehensions, see Schrader, Der Moskauer Prozess 1936.

105. Kamenev’s Machiavelli volume was quoted against him at his trial in 1936. “You, Kamenev, transmitted the rules of Machiavelli and developed them to the height of unprincipled-ness and immorality,” thundered Vyshinsky, who deemed Machiavelli the “spiritual teacher” of the Trotskyites. Yet Vyshinsky also called the Italian “a bumpkin” and amateur compared with the Trotskyites. Vyshinskii, Sudebnye rechi, 403–4.

106. Testimony about a 1932 meeting that had allegedly taken place with Trotsky in Copenhagen’s Hotel Bristol ignored that the building had been torn down in 1917 (the NKVD fabricators confused two sites). Orlov, Tainaia istoriia, 70.

107. Iakovlev et al., Reabilitatsiia: politicheskie protsessy, 187–8.

108. Izvestiia, Aug. 21, 1936.

109. Dem’ian Bednyi, “Poshchady net!” Pravda, Aug. 21, 1936, reprinted in Literaturnaia gazeta, Aug. 27, and in Bednyi, Sobranie sochinenii, IV: 288–90. See also Horvath, “Poet of the Terror”; Artizov and Naumov, Vlast’, 415–6 (Sept. 9, 1938). On Aug. 13, 1936, in the presence of Molotov, Voroshilov, Orjonikidze, and Yezhov, Bedny spent an hour in the Little Corner, his one and only recorded visit to Stalin’s Kremlin office. Bedny’s abandoned wife, Vera Rufovna [Pridvorova], had written to Stalin indicating that she wanted to ask him for material help for her four children, possibly reminding the dictator of the poet’s existence. Maksimenkov, Bol’shaia tsenzura, 421–2 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 702, l. 109, 110–1); Na prieme, 191. Before the year was out, Bedny would be fearing arrest. He would somehow survive. Pridvorov, “Ob otse,” 219.

110. Whereas since 1931 more than 40 percent of the correspondence had concerned economic matters (internal and external), especially grain collections, in 1936 these nearly vanished—despite the fact that a spring–summer drought in the Volga heartland and other difficulties resulted in a poor harvest in fall 1936. Davies, “Soviet Economy,” 22–3.

111. Stalin had afforded Bukharin an opportunity to defect: in Feb. 1936, he had appointed Bukharin to lead a commission to purchase a Marx-Engels archive in France, leaving the trip’s duration up to Bukharin and permitting the pregnant Larina to join him. But his father, brother, first wife, second wife, and daughter lived in Moscow, and the trip to France had taken place before Zinoviev and Kamenev had been executed. Cohen, Bukharin, 472; Liebich, “I Am the Last.” See also Dan, “Bukharin o Staline,” 181–2; and Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite.