126. Koltsov had also composed profiles of Lenin (1920, 1923, 1924), Dzierżyński (1928), Gorky (1932, 1936), and Stakhanov (1935), and captured the boorishness of the new epoch in his short story “Ivan Vadimovich, A Person of a Certain Level.” Kol’tsov, Khochu letat’; Kol’tsov, Izbrannye proizvedeniia v trekh tomakh; Kol’tsov, Pisatel’ v gazete.
127. Cockburn, In Time of Trouble, 245.
128. Skorokhodov, Mikhail Kol’tsov, 158–9. On Koltsov’s links to Soviet military intelligence in Spain, see Volodarsky, Stalin’s Agent, 219, citing Paulina Abramson and Adelina Abramson, Mosaico Roto (Madrid: Compañía Literara, 1994), 64 (Emma Wolf, Vladimir Gorev’s interpreter and perhaps mistress). Ehrenburg would later call his rival Koltsov “the most important” Soviet representative in Spain, “more important than the official advisers.” Literaturnaia gazeta, June 15, 1988. A recommendation by Berzin and Gorev (Jan. 4, 1937) to award Koltsov the Order of Lenin would be downgraded by Stalin to an Order of the Red Banner. Kudriashov, SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii, 170 (APRF, f. 3, op. 53, d. 470, l. 124). On May 23, 1937, Koltsov would send a telegram directly to Stalin from Paris about preparations for an antifascist congress in Spain; it included a number of political observations about Largo Caballero and Negrín, as well as about Ehrenburg and Gide. Maksimenkov, Bol’shaia tsenzura, 468 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 214, l. 67–8). Koltsov’s archive seems not to have survived. Rubashkin, Mikhail Kol’tsov.
129. Trotsky, “The Treachery of the POUM,” New Militant, Feb. 15, 1936, and Trotsky, “The Tasks of the Fourth International in Spain,” New Militant, May 2, 1936, reprinted in Trotsky, Spanish Revolution, 207–11, 211–4. Trotsky similarly condemned Spain’s anarchists.
130. Rogovin, 1937, 341 (citing Trotsky archives, document no. 5020); Thomas, Spanish Civil War, 631; Biulleten’ oppoztisii, no. 56–7 (1937): 14–5. See also Trotsky, “Lessons of Spain,” 322.
131. Kennan, Russia and the West, 238.
132. Rogovin, 1937, 40–5, 8.
133. Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 664–5 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 94, l. 32–9).
134. Petrov and Jansen, Stalinskii pitomets, 249–52 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 729, l. 83–4). On Aug. 22, 1936, in connection with the Moscow trial, Budyonny had sent a letter to Voroshilov noting that the Trotskyite network had penetrated the army, which needed to be thoroughly checked; Voroshilov forwarded the letter to Stalin, Yezhov, and Andreyev (Sept. 1). Whitewood, Red Army, 202 (citing RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 16, l. 262, 265).
135. Volkogonov, Lenin, 298 (Sept. 1, 1936).
136. Jansen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, 58 (citing APRF, f. 57, op. 1, d. 176; RGASPI, f. 671, op. 1, d. 176, l. 66–74).
137. Davies et al., Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence, 357.
138. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 710, l. 164–5.
139. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 779, l. 99–107; Khlevniuk, Master of the House, 154.
140. Arkhiv MB r-3383, d. 3257, Volkogonov papers, Hoover Institution Archives, container 4.
141. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 779, l. 106. On Sept. 11, when Stalin had Pyatakov’s arrest submitted for post-facto politburo approval, Orjonikidze wrote: “I vote ‘Yes.’” RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 94, l. 75, 84; Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 290–1 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 573, l. 33). The NKVD arrested Radek on Sept. 16. Radek’s mouth was a security risk: Lerner, Karl Radek, 163–4 (citing memo from Bullitt to Hull, Decimal Files, U.S. Department of State Archives, file no. 7600.61/692); Ken, “Karl Radek i Biuro,” 173–4.
142. Adibekov et al., Politbiuro TsK RKP (b)—VKP (b) i Evropa, 340 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 20, l. 62); DVP SSSR, XIX: 418 (to S. B. Kagan). Litvinov had written to Rosenberg (Aug. 30, 1936) in Madrid that “the question of assisting the Spanish government has been discussed by us several times, but we have come to the conclusion that it will be impossible to send anything from here.” Meshcheriakov, “SSSR i grazhdanskaia voina v Ispanii,” 85, citing AVP RF, f. 048 z, op. 14–16, pap. 4, d. 7, l. 88, 105–6. See also Pons, Stalin and the Inevitable War, 46 (citing AVP RF, f. 05, op. 16, pap. 114, d. 1, l. 195–8; Sept. 7).
143. Kowalsky, Stalin, paragraph 434, 441; Pravda, Sept. 4, 1936.
