30.As President Biden repeatedly remarked. See Jeremy Diamond, “Biden Can’t Stop Thinking about China and the Future of American Democracy,” CNN, April 29, 2021.

31.See Matt Pottinger, Testimony before the United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission, April 15, 2021.

32.For a more extended discussion, see Brands and Beckley, Danger Zone; Jonathan Hillman, The Digital Silk Road: China’s Quest to Wire the World and Win the Future (New York: Harper Business, 2021).

33.Harry S. Truman, “Special Message to the Congress on the Threat to the Freedom of Europe,” March 17, 1948, APP.

34.Robbie Gramer and Jack Detsch, “A (Mostly Secret) Revolution Is Afoot in NATO’s Military,” Foreign Policy, July 13, 2023; Sean Monaghan, “The Sword, the Shield, and the Hedgehog: Strengthening Deterrence in NATO’s New Strategic Concept,” War on the Rocks, August 23, 2022.

35.Elbridge Colby, “America Must Prepare for a War over Taiwan,” Foreign Affairs, August 10, 2022.

36.Josh Rogin, “When Trump Caved to Xi and Threw Taiwan under the Bus,” Daily Beast, March 8, 2021.

37.Ian Easton, Hostile Harbors: Taiwan’s Ports and PLA Invasion Plans, Project 2049 Institute, July 2021.

38.See the discussion in Yukihiro Sakaguchi and Ryo Nakamura, “U.S. Nuclear Review Warns of Chinese ‘Coercion’ in Indo-Pacific,” Nikkei Asia, October 28, 2022.

39.On the Chinese buildup, see Department of Defense, 2022 Report on Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China, November 2022. See also Michael Hirsh, “The Pentagon Is Freaking Out about a Potential War with China,” Politico, June 9, 2023; Hal Brands, “Deterrence in Taiwan Is Failing,” Foreign Policy, September 8, 2023.

40.Larry Bland, Clarence Wunderlin, and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, eds., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 274.

41.Don Clark and Ana Swanson, “U.S. Pours Money into Chips, but Even Soaring Spending Has Limits,” New York Times, January 1, 2023.

42.Spykman, America’s Strategy, 89.

43.Ryan Berg, Insulate, Curtail, Compete: Sketching a U.S. Grand Strategy in Latin America and the Caribbean, Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 2023.

44.See Shannon O’Neill, The Globalization Myth: Why Regions Matter (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022).

45.Jorge Guajardo and Natalia Cote-Muñoz, “The Future of North America–China Relations,” Working Paper, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, January 2022.

46.“Top China Generals Urge More Spending for U.S. Conflict ‘Trap,’ ” Bloomberg News, March 9, 2021.

47.Kyle Lascurettes, Orders of Exclusion: Great Powers and the Strategic Sources of Foundational Rules in International Relations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).

48.Halford J. Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot of History,” Geographical Journal, April 1904, 427–28.

49.As some China hawks have suggested. See John Mearsheimer, “The Inevitable Rivalry: America, China, and the Tragedy of Great-Power Politics,” Foreign Affairs, November–December 2021.

50.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 436.

51.“Has the Wind Changed? PLA Hawks General Dai Xu and General Qiao Liang Release Odd Articles,” GNews, July 11, 2020; Minnie Chan, “ ‘Too Costly’: Chinese Military Strategist Warns Now Is Not the Time to Take Back Taiwan by Force,” South China Morning Post, May 4, 2020.

 

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