151.Alexander Gabuev, “The Yuan Is an Unlikely Winner from Russia’s Growing Isolation,” Bloomberg Opinion, March 14, 2023; “Russia Overtakes Saudi Arabia as China’s Top Oil Supplier,” Al Jazeera, March 20, 2023; Nathaniel Taplin, “How Microchips Migrate from China to Russia,” Wall Street Journal, February 25, 2023; Brian Kot, “Hong Kong’s Technological Lifeline to Russia,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 17, 2023.

152.“Iran Seeks to Expand Its Military Cooperation with China,” Associated Press, April 27, 2022; Maryam Sinaee, “Iran Forms New Power ‘Triangle’ with Russia, China, Hardliners Say,” Iran International, January 19, 2022.

153.Nadège Rolland, “A China–Russia Condominium over Eurasia,” Survival, February–March 2019, 17.

154.Rolland, “China–Russia Condominium.”

155.A good discussion of synergies is Andrea Kendall-Taylor and David Shullman, Navigating the Deepening Russia–China Partnership (Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security, 2021).

156.Kendall-Taylor and Shullman, Navigating the Deepening Russia–China Partnership.

157.Michael Kofman, “The Emperors League: Understanding Sino-Russian Defense Cooperation,” War on the Rocks, August 2020.

158.Asli Aydintasbas, “Turkey Will Not Return to the Western Fold,” Foreign Affairs, May 19, 2021; Jeffrey Mankoff, Empires of Eurasia: How Imperial Legacies Shape International Security (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022).

159.Shreya Upadhyay, “BRICS, Quad, and India’s Multi-Alignment Strategy,” Stimson Center, July 12, 2022; author’s discussion with Vijay Gokhale, October 25, 2022.

160.Sourav Roy Barman, “Europe Has to Grow Out of Mindset That Its Problems Are World’s Problems: Jaishankar,” Indian Express, June 4, 2022.

161.Hanna Ziady, “OPEC Announces the Biggest Cut to Oil Production since the Start of the Pandemic,” CNN, October 5, 2022.

162.See Ash Jain and Matthew Kroenig, Toward a Democratic Technology Alliance: An Innovation Edge That Favors Freedom, Atlantic Council, 2022, esp. 9; also Stephen G. Brooks and William Wohlforth, America Abroad: The United States’ Global Role in the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016).

163.Stephen G. Brooks and William Wohlforth, “The Myth of Multipolarity: American Power’s Staying Power,” Foreign Affairs, May–June 2023.

164.Hal Brands and Michael Beckley, Danger Zone: The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Norton, 2022).

165.Andrea Kendall-Taylor and Michael Kofman, “Russia’s Dangerous Decline: The Kremlin Won’t Go Down without a Fight,” Foreign Affairs, November–December 2022.

166.Dan Blumenthal and Derek Scissors, “Breaking China’s Hold,” Atlantic, December 23, 2022.

167.“China a ‘Ticking Time Bomb’ Because of Economic Woes, Joe Biden Warns,” Guardian, August 11, 2023.

168.Guy Faulconbridge, “Putin Escalates Ukraine War, Issues Nuclear Threat to West,” Reuters, September 21, 2022.

169.Lingling Wei, “Xi Prepares for ‘Extreme’ Scenarios, Including Conflict with the West,” Wall Street Journal, June 12, 2023; John Ruwitch, “China Accuses U.S. of Containment and Warns of Potential Conflict,” NPR, March 7, 2023.

170.Hal Brands, Getting Ready for a Long War with China: Dynamics of Protracted Conflict in the Western Pacific, American Enterprise Institute, July 2022.

171.Robert Jervis, “Theories of War in an Era of Leading-Power Peace,” American Political Science Review, March 2022, 1.

 

Chapter 6: Lessons of the Past

1.“Commentary: Milestone Congress Points to New Era for China, the World,” Xinhua, October 24, 2017.

2.John F. Kennedy, “Remarks and Question-and-Answer Period at the Press Luncheon in Paris,” June 2, 1961, APP. Kennedy invoked this analogy in reference to the Sino-Soviet pact.

3.Jeffrey Mankoff, “The War in Ukraine and Eurasia’s New Imperial Moment,” Washington Quarterly, Summer 2022.

4.Franklin Roosevelt, “Annual Message to the Congress,” January 3, 1940, APP.

5.For instance, Jonathan Kearsley, Eryk Bagshaw, and Anthony Galloway, “ ‘If You Make China the Enemy, China Will Be the Enemy’: Beijing’s Fresh Threat to Australia,” Sydney Morning Herald, November 18, 2020. Among other things, Beijing demanded that Canberra cease funding certain think tanks engaged in “anti-China” research and otherwise censor domestic debate.

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