151.Alexander Gabuev, “The Yuan Is an Unlikely Winner from Russia’s Growing Isolation,”
152.“Iran Seeks to Expand Its Military Cooperation with China,” Associated Press, April 27, 2022; Maryam Sinaee, “Iran Forms New Power ‘Triangle’ with Russia, China, Hardliners Say,”
153.Nadège Rolland, “A China–Russia Condominium over Eurasia,”
154.Rolland, “China–Russia Condominium.”
155.A good discussion of synergies is Andrea Kendall-Taylor and David Shullman,
156.Kendall-Taylor and Shullman,
157.Michael Kofman, “The Emperors League: Understanding Sino-Russian Defense Cooperation,”
158.Asli Aydintasbas, “Turkey Will Not Return to the Western Fold,”
159.Shreya Upadhyay, “BRICS, Quad, and India’s Multi-Alignment Strategy,” Stimson Center, July 12, 2022; author’s discussion with Vijay Gokhale, October 25, 2022.
160.Sourav Roy Barman, “Europe Has to Grow Out of Mindset That Its Problems Are World’s Problems: Jaishankar,”
161.Hanna Ziady, “OPEC Announces the Biggest Cut to Oil Production since the Start of the Pandemic,” CNN, October 5, 2022.
162.See Ash Jain and Matthew Kroenig,
163.Stephen G. Brooks and William Wohlforth, “The Myth of Multipolarity: American Power’s Staying Power,”
164.Hal Brands and Michael Beckley,
165.Andrea Kendall-Taylor and Michael Kofman, “Russia’s Dangerous Decline: The Kremlin Won’t Go Down without a Fight,”
166.Dan Blumenthal and Derek Scissors, “Breaking China’s Hold,”
167.“China a ‘Ticking Time Bomb’ Because of Economic Woes, Joe Biden Warns,”
168.Guy Faulconbridge, “Putin Escalates Ukraine War, Issues Nuclear Threat to West,” Reuters, September 21, 2022.
169.Lingling Wei, “Xi Prepares for ‘Extreme’ Scenarios, Including Conflict with the West,”
170.Hal Brands,
171.Robert Jervis, “Theories of War in an Era of Leading-Power Peace,”
Chapter 6: Lessons of the Past
1.“Commentary: Milestone Congress Points to New Era for China, the World,” Xinhua, October 24, 2017.
2.John F. Kennedy, “Remarks and Question-and-Answer Period at the Press Luncheon in Paris,” June 2, 1961, APP. Kennedy invoked this analogy in reference to the Sino-Soviet pact.
3.Jeffrey Mankoff, “The War in Ukraine and Eurasia’s New Imperial Moment,”
4.Franklin Roosevelt, “Annual Message to the Congress,” January 3, 1940, APP.
5.For instance, Jonathan Kearsley, Eryk Bagshaw, and Anthony Galloway, “ ‘If You Make China the Enemy, China Will Be the Enemy’: Beijing’s Fresh Threat to Australia,”