53. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXIII, 542.
54. Dekrety, II, 48–50.
55. LS, XVIII, 92.
56. NZh, No. 99/314 (May 25, 1918), 1.
57. Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta 4-go Sozyva (Moscow, 1920), 294.
58. Cited in NZh, No. 71/286 (April 19, 1918), 1.
59. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 1870–1905 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 129–30.
60. A. L. Okninskii, Dva goda sredi kresfian (Riga, [1936]), 93.
61. On this subject, see C. Frierson, From Narod to Kulak: Peasant Images in Russia, 1870 to 1885, Ph.D. Dissertation, 1985, Harvard University.
62. Lenin, PSS, XXXVIII, 197.
63. V. P. Antonov-Saratovskii, ed., Sovety v epokhu voennogo kommunizma, 1918–21, I (Moscow, 1928), 131.
64. NZh, No. 117/332 (June 19, 1918), 3.
65. E.g., Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 354–55.
66. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 40.
67. Ibid. III, 62, and XVI, 205.
68. Ibid. XXXVIII, 255.
69. F. Engels, “Prefatory Note to The Peasant War in Germany,” in K. Marx and F. Engels Selected Works, I (Moscow, 1962), 647.
70. Lenin, PSS, XXVII, 226.
71. V. P. Miliutin, Agrarnaia politika SSSR (Moscow-Leningrad, 1929), 106.
72. Ibid.
73. Dekrety, II, 264–66; LS, XVIII, 82–88.
74. LS, XVIII, 82.
75. E.g., NZh, No. 71/286 (April 19, 1918), 4.
76. John L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution (London, 1976), 424.
77. Dekrety, II, 298–301.
78. NZh, No. 99 (May 25, 1918), 4, and No. 102/317 (May 29, 1918), 3.
79. Ibid., No. 104/319 (May 31, 1918), 1.
80. NZh, No. 105/320 (June 1, 1918), 1.
81. Lenin, Khronika, VI, 313, 369, 507, 542. See EZh, No. 17 (November 27, 1918), 1–2, for a description of the type of person who enrolled in these detachments.
82. Dekrety, II, 387.
83. See, e.g., speech by Tsiurupa in Piatyi S”ezd Sovetov, 144.
84. Dekrety, III, 178–80.
85. LS, XVIII, 93–94.
86. NZh, No. 112/327 (June 9, 1918), 3.
87. Atkinson, Russian Commune, 191–93.
88. Teodor Shanin, The Awkward Class (Oxford, 1972), 147.
89. NV, No. 97/121 (June 20, 1918), 4.
90. V. Kerzhentsev in Izvestiia, No. 15/567 (January 22, 1919), 1.
91. M. la. Latsis, Dva goda bor’by na vnutrennem fronte (Moscow, 1920), 75.
92. L. M. Spirin, Klassy i partii v grazhdanskoi voine v Rossii, 1917–1920 gg. (Moscow, 1968), 185.
93. Ocherki istorii Cheliabinskoi Oblastnoi partiinoi organizatsii (Cheliabinsk, 1967), 94.
94. Additional information: Okninskii, Dva goda, 128–51; NZh, No. 71/286 (April 19, 1918), 4; Gerasimiuk, Nachalo, 84–85; L. G. Sytov, ed., Penzenskaia organizatsiia KPSS v gody grazhdanskoi voiny (Penza, 1960), 87–99; LS, XVIII, 202–5; Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 151.
95. M. Frenkin, Tragediia kres’ianskikh vosstanii ([Jerusalem, 1987]), 79, 85–88. 48.
96. Lenin, PSS, L, 126–27.
97. LS, XVIII, 145.
98. Ibid., 146.
99. Ibid., 203.
100. Dekrety, III, 178–80.
101. LS, XVIII, 146.
102. Keep, Russian Revolution, 462.
103. Lenin, PSS, XXXIX, 407.
104. Dekrety, III, 224–26.
105. Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 54–56.
106. Kamkov in Piatyi S”ezd Sovetov, 75.
107. Dekrety, II, 295, 416–20.
108. Protokoly … VTsIK 4-ogo Sozyva, 398–419.
109. V. R. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 4 (1960), 122, 125.
110. V. N. Averev, ed., Komitety bednoty: sbornik materialov, I (Moscow-Leningrad, 1933), 120.
111. Gerasimiuk in ISSSR, No. 4 (1960), 122.
112. Averev, Komitety bednoty, I, 183.
113. E. G. Gimpel’son, Sovety v gody intervenisii i grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow, 1968), 68.
114. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 181.
115. Dekrety, III, 540–41.
116. Ibid., IV, 112–19.
117. Cf. Gimpel’son, Sovety, passim.
118. Ibid., 49.
119. Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 264, 405.
120. Gimpel’son, Sovety, 54.
121. Antonov-Saratovskii, Sovety, I, 129.
122. Ibid., 439; also 264, 435.
123. L. N. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 155.
124. Bertrand Russell, Bolshevism: Practice and Theory (New York, 1920), 37.
125. J. M. Meijer in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 268.
126. LS, XVIII, 143–44.
127. E.g., speech of December 11, 1918, in Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 361.
