40. The text of the relevant section of the National Security Act is reproduced in William M. Leary, The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1984), pp. 128–130.
41. See Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London: Granta, 1999), pp. 36–37.
42. The helpful phrase “determined interventionists” can be found in Sallie Pisani, The CIA and the Marshall Plan (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991).
43. See, for example, Walter Hixson, George F. Kennan: Cold War Iconoclast (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), p. xi.
44. Grose, Operation Rollback, p. 96. The text of NSC 4-A can be found in C.
Thomas Thorne, Jr., and David S. Patterson, eds., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950: Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), pp. 650–651. It was so secret that only
N O T E S T O PA G E S 2 4 – 3 1
261
three copies were made—one for the Agency, one for the White House files, and one for Kennan.
45. See Scott Lucas, Freedom’s War: The U.S. Crusade against the Soviet Union, 1945–1956 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), pp. 43–47.
46. Policy Planning Staff, “The Inauguration of Organized Political Warfare,” 4 May 1948, Thorne and Patterson, Foreign Relations, pp. 668, 671.
47. Ibid., pp. 668–672. A fourth type of “specific project” is discussed in the memorandum, but the relevant passages have been redacted in the declassified version.
In the absence of any clues as to the contents of the missing section, it is tempting to speculate that it deals with covert operations intended to expedite western European union, such as the American Committee on United Europe.
48. Quoted in Thorne and Patterson, Foreign Relations, p. 713.
49. For Kennan’s list of nominees, which also included the “Lovestoneite” American Federation of Labor official Irving Brown, see Thorne and Patterson, Foreign Relations, p. 716.
50. William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), p. 73.
51. Frank Wisner to Roscoe Hillenkoetter, 29 October 1948, quoted in Thorne and Patterson, Foreign Relations, pp. 730–731.
52. See Pisani, CIA and Marshall Plan, pp. 72–78.
53. See Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men—Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), p. 40; Hersh, Old Boys, p. 220.
54. Hersh, Old Boys, p. 6.
2. Secret Army
1. See Christopher Simpson, Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War (New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988), pp. 34–39.
2. For “secret army” phrase, see Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men—Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), p. 25.
Kennan and Lindsay and Thayer quoted in Peter Grose, Operation Rollback: America’s Secret War behind the Iron Curtain (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), p. 94. May 1948 report quoted in Burton Hersh, The Old Boys: The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA (St. Petersburg, Fla.: Tree Farm Books, 2002), p. 211. For Operation Bloodstone, see Simpson, Blowback, pp. 112–124.
Rositzke quoted in Thomas, Best Men, p. 35.
3. Quoted in C. Thomas Thorne, Jr., and David S. Patterson, eds., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950: Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), p. 670.
4. Quoted in Michael Nelson, War of the Black Heavens: The Battles of Western Broadcasting in the Cold War (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1997), p. 40.
262
N O T E S T O PA G E S 3 1 – 3 3
5. Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London: Granta, 1999), p. 131.
6. Quoted in NCFE press release, March 1950, box 43, folder 1, Allen W. Dulles Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University. (Hereafter, for box and folder numbers, e.g., 43.1.)
7. Nelson, War of the Black Heavens, p. 49.
