17d05d030193283f60ac573244de53e6 полностью

64. Gene Sosin, Sparks of Liberty: An Insider’s Memoir of Radio Liberty (Philadelphia: University Press of Pennsylvania, 1999), p. 9.

65. Quoted in Nelson, War of the Black Heavens, p. 58.

66. James Critchlow, Radio-Hole-in-the-Head / Radio Liberty: An Insider’s Story of Cold War Broadcasting (Washington, D.C.: American University Press, 1995), p. 15.

67. Sosin, Sparks of Liberty, p. 33.

68. Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom, p. ix.

69. Quoted in Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, The CIA and American Democracy, 3rd ed.

(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 61.

70. Quoted in Nelson, War of the Black Heavens, p. 42. Philby, who disliked Wisner’s

“orotund style of conversation,” went on to describe an OPC-MI6 meeting in London attended by British Foreign Office representative Tony Rumbold, where the American “expatiated on one of his favourite themes: the need for camouflaging the source of secret funds supplied to apparently respectable bodies in which we were interested. ‘It is essential,’ said Wisner in his usual informal style, ‘to secure the overt cooperation of people with conspicuous access to wealth in their own right.’ Rumbold started scribbling. I looked over his shoulder and saw what he had written: ‘people with conspicuous access to wealth in their own right = rich people’.” Quoted in Nelson, War of the Black Heavens, p. 43.

71. Thomas, Best Men, p. 42.

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72. Quoted in Lucas, Freedom’s War, p. 130.

73. Thomas, Best Men, p. 43.

74. Hersh, Old Boys, p. 271.

75. Quoted in ibid., p. 282.

76. In fact, the Psychological Strategy Board largely failed to assert any control over Wisner’s OPC. See John Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006), pp. 80–82.

77. Jeffreys-Jones, CIA and American Democracy, p. 74.

78. Hersh, Old Boys, p. 306.

79. Thomas, Best Men, p. 138.

80. See ibid., and Hersh, Old Boys, for more on Wisner’s deterioration.

81. Grose, Operation Rollback, p. 188.

82. Quoted in Hersh, Old Boys, p. 298.

83. Quoted in Thomas, Best Men, p. 71.

84. Ibid., p. 107.

85. Hixson, Parting the Curtain, p. 83.

86. Ibid., p. 81.

87. For more detail on RFE’s role in Hungary, see ibid., pp. 83–86; Lucas, Freedom’s War, pp. 254–262; Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom, chap. 6; and Prados, Safe for Democracy, pp. 153–159.

88. Nelson, War of the Black Heavens, p. 75; Meyer, Facing Reality, p. 129. For the text of the review itself, see George R. Urban, Radio Free Europe and the Pursuit of Democracy (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 281–291.

89. Richard Bissell, quoted in Hersh, Old Boys, p. 372.

90. William Colby, quoted in Grose, Operation Rollback, p. 218.

91. Quoted in Lucas, Freedom’s War, p. 267.

92. Hersh, Old Boys, p. 412.

3. AFL-CIA

1. Quoted in Ted Morgan, A Covert Life: Jay Lovestone, Communist, Anti-Communist, and Spymaster (New York: Random House, 1999), p. 229.

2. Quoted in ibid., p. 99.

3. Ibid., p. 141.

4. Quoted in Quenby Olmsted Hughes, “‘In the Interest of Democracy’: The Rise and Fall of the Early Cold War Alliance between the American Federation of Labor and the Central Intelligence Agency” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2003), p. 45.

5. See Ben Rathbun, The Point Man: Irving Brown and the Deadly Post-1945 Struggle for Europe and Africa (London: Minerva, 1996), pp. 91–93.

N O T E S T O PA G E S 5 3 – 5 7

267

6. Quoted in Morgan, Covert Life, p. 192.

7. Reader’s Digest quoted in ibid., p. 177; Brown quoted in Peter Weiler, British Labour and the Cold War (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988), p. 91.

For more on Brown’s European activities in the late 1940s, see Morgan, Covert Life, chap. 11. On the breakup of the WFTU and launch of the ICFTU, see Anthony Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), chap. 5.

8. Quoted in Morgan, Covert Life, pp. 186, 191.

9. Ibid., p. 197.