17d05d030193283f60ac573244de53e6 полностью

8. See, for example, Lewis Galantiere, “Memorandum for the Record,” 25 July 1956, 191.1, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Corporate Records, Hoover Institution, Stanford University (hereafter RFE/RL Papers).

9. Sig Mickelson, America’s Other Voice: The Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (New York: Praeger, 1983), p. 21.

10. Abbot Washburn, quoted in Grose, Operation Rollback, p. 127.

11. “Free Europe, Inc., Operating Expenses by Divisions for the Year Ended June 30, 1952,” 189.5, RFE/RL Papers.

12. According to Spencer Phenix, a CIA “watchdog” on the Crusade board, Washburn was released only after the Agency had applied pressure on senior executives at General Mills. Spencer Phenix to Allen Dulles, 29 January 1951, 167.1, RFE/RL Papers.

13. Larry Tye, The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays and the Birth of Public Relations (New York: Henry Holt, 1998), p. 35. For an excellent analysis of Bernays’s influence on U.S. government psychological warfare, see Kenneth Osgood, Total Cold War: Eisenhower’s Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), pp. 19–22.

14. See Daniel L. Lykins, From Total War to Total Diplomacy: The Advertising Council and the Construction of the Cold War Consensus (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003).

15. The influence on CIA front operations of public relations theory and advertising techniques would remain—indeed, Edward Bernays himself played an important role on behalf of his client the United Fruit Company in the Agency-engineered coup that took place in Guatemala in 1954—but it would never be as strong again as it had been in the case of the Crusade for Freedom, due to the relatively lower domestic profile of subsequent front organizations.

16. Mickelson, America’s Other Voice, p. 54; Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945–1961 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1997), p. 60.

17. Quoted in Nelson, War of the Black Heavens, p. 48.

18. Scott Lucas, Freedom’s War: The U.S. Crusade against the Soviet Union, 1945–

1956 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), p. 103.

19. Arch Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000), pp. 22, 23 (quotation on p. 22).

N O T E S T O PA G E S 3 3 – 3 7

263

20. NCFE press release, March 1950, 43.1, Dulles Papers. In December 1954, for example, NCFE officers met with representatives of the “Sponsor” in Washington to discuss, among other matters, membership of the Romanian National Council. The intelligence officers provided a list of nominees, carefully balanced so as to reflect all elements of political opinion in the Rumanian emigration. Lewis Galantiere, “Washington Meetings, December 9 and 10,” 13 December 1954, 190.12, RFE/RL Papers.

21. See Robert E. Terhaar to Brutus Coste, 1 September 1949, 26.1, Brutus Coste Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

22. For a lively insider’s account of the Free Europe Press’s efforts to infiltrate western publications behind the Iron Curtain, see John P. C. Matthew, “The West’s Secret Marshall Plan for the Mind,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 16 (2003): 409–427.

23. Thomas, Best Men, p. 33.

24. See Mickelson, America’s Other Voice, pp. 56–57.

25. Hixson, Parting the Curtain, p. 66.

26. For Lenin example, see Nelson, War of the Black Heavens, p. 1; for Finland, Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom, p. 6.

27. Quoted in Lucas, Freedom’s War, p. 67.

28. Hersh, Old Boys, p. 242.

29. Hixson, Parting the Curtain, p. 63.

30. Quoted in Lucas, Freedom’s War, p. 101.

31. See Nelson, War of the Black Heavens, pp. 69–70, and Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom, pp. 33–35.

32. Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom, p. ix.

33. James Burnham to Levering Tyson, 27 February 1952, 9.2, James Burnham Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University. See also James Burnham to Levering Tyson, 17 August 1951, 9.2, Burnham Papers; C. D. Jackson to Levering Tyson, 20 September 1951, 9.2, Burnham Papers; James Burnham to A. A. Berle, Jr., 23 January 1952, 9.2, Burnham Papers.