17d05d030193283f60ac573244de53e6 полностью

34. National Committee for a Free Europe, Inc., Progress Report, January 1950, 26.5, Coste Papers.

35. Anon., “An NCFE Approach to the European Refugee Situation,” 15 July 1952

(revised 20 July 1952), box 31, folder Bu-By-Misc.1, C. D. Jackson Papers, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.

36. The report of the President’s Committee on International Information Activities (known as the “Jackson Committee” after its chair, William H. Jackson), quoted in Hixson, Parting the Curtain, p. 66.

37. Quoted in Nelson, War of the Black Heavens, p. 39.

38. Anon. [probably James Burnham], “Polish Social-Democrats in relation to

264

N O T E S T O PA G E S 3 7 – 4 2

Czeslaw Milosz, Kultura, and the Congress for Cultural Freedom,” 5 February 1952, 11.7, Burnham Papers. The social democrats also alleged that Milosz was homosexual.

39. Willis D. Crittenberger to Committee members, “Opposition to European Advisory Group,” 21 April 1958, box 54, folder Free Europe Committee, Jackson Papers. See Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom, chap. 5.

40. Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom, pp. 29, 43; Cord Meyer, Facing Reality: From World Federalism to the CIA (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), pp. 117–118.

41. Quoted in Nelson, War of the Black Heavens, p. 52.

42. Frank Altschul to Allen Dulles, 20 May 1955, box 54, folder Free Europe Committee, Jackson Papers.

43. Carmel Offie to Jay Lovestone, 4 April 1951, box 381, folder “Monk,” Jay Lovestone Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

44. Robert H. McDowell, memorandum for the record, “Friction between Committee Free Europe and Émigré Organizations,” 13 October 1952, 4.080, Psychological Strategy Board Files, 1951–1953, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri.

45. Robert E. Lang to Executive Committee, NCFE, 4 March 1955, box 54, folder Free Europe Committee, Jackson Papers.

46. Anon. [probably DeWitt C. Poole], memorandum, 2 October 1950, F-1985-00856, www.foia.cia.gov (accessed 27 May 2006).

47. Altschul and Lang quoted in Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom, pp. 25, 28.

48. Ibid., p. 27.

49. C. D. Jackson to John C. Hughes, 15 March 1954, box 3, folder Hughes, John C., C. D. Jackson Records, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.

50. C. D. Jackson, log, 23 June 1953, box 68, Log 1953.2, Jackson Papers.

51. Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), p. 135.

52. See Mickelson, America’s Other Voice, pp. 61–62; Nelson, War of the Black Heavens, p. 56.

53. Mickelson, America’s Other Voice, p. 62.

54. For a helpful explanation of the divisions within the Soviet emigration, see Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee, and the CIA (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), chap. 5. On the Mensheviks, see André Liebich, From the Other Shore: Russian Social Democracy after 1921

(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).

55. Grose, Operation Rollback, p. 131.

56. Anon. [probably James Burnham], “The American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia,” 27 February 1952, 11.7, Burnham Papers.

57. Boris Nicolaevsky to Carmel Offie, 28 March 1950, 495.18, Boris Nicolaevsky

N O T E S T O PA G E S 4 2 – 4 5

265

Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University. Dallin quoted in Grose, Operation Rollback, p. 131. The Mensheviks also often used the New Leader as a launching pad for attacks on conservative Russians and those Americans they perceived as sympathetic to the émigré right. See anon. [probably James Burnham], “A Campaign by the Russian Menshevik Émigrées [ sic],” n.d., 9.1, Burnham Papers.

58. See, for example, Eugene Lyons to Raphael Abramovitch, 17 July 1951, 421.8, Nicolaevsky Papers.

59. Eugene Lyons to Committee Members, 13 August 1951, box 3, folder Russia—

American Committee for Liberation of Russia, William Y. Elliott Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

60. Grose, Operation Rollback, pp. 133–134; Economist quote on p. 132.

61. Quoted in Mickelson, America’s Other Voice, p. 64.

62. Boris Sergievsky to Leslie C. Stevens, 7 January 1954, box 68, folder Logidensky, Alexis A.2, Jackson Papers. “This eight million American dollars were spent without achieving anything but scandal and confusion,” reckoned Sergievsky.

63. C. D. Jackson to Tom Braden, 13 May 1954, box 31, folder Br-Misc.1, Jackson Papers; C. D. Jackson, log, 18 May 1953, box 68, Log 1953.2, Jackson Papers; C. D. Jackson, log, 15 May 1953, box 68, Log 1953.1, Jackson Papers.