2. Quoted in Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London: Granta, 1999), p. 53. Saunders, chap. 3, gives a lively account of the Waldorf conference.
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3. Irving Howe later recalled that this circle owed more to the “jungle of Hobbes than a commune of Kropotkin.” Irving Howe, A Margin of Hope: An Intellectual Autobiography (London: Secker and Warburg, 1983), p. 120.
4. Irving Howe, “How Partisan Review Goes to War,” New International 13 (1947): 109.
5. The principal works on the New York intellectuals are Alexander Bloom, Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals and Their World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Terry A. Cooney, The Rise of the New York Intellectuals: Partisan Review and Its Circle (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986); Neil Jumonville, Critical Crossings: The New York Intellectuals in Postwar America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); Harvey M. Teres, Renewing the Left: Politics, Imagination, and the New York Intellectuals (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Alan M. Wald, The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987); and Hugh Wilford, The New York Intellectuals: From Vanguard to Institution (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995).
6. For further biographical detail, see Sidney Hook, Out of Step: An Unquiet Life in the Twentieth Century (New York: Harper and Row, 1987); and Christopher Phelps, Young Sidney Hook: Marxist and Pragmatist (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997).
7. See Judy Kutulas, The Long War: The Intellectual People’s Front and Anti-Stalinism, 1930–1940 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995), pp. 157–163.
8. For more information, see Daniel Kelly, James Burnham and the Struggle for the World: A Life (Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books, 2002).
9. Ibid., p. 99.
10. Quoted in Kevin J. Smant, How Great the Triumph: James Burnham, Anticommunism, and the Conservative Movement (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1992), p. 28.
11. Joseph Bryan to James Burnham, n.d., box 5, folder 22, James Burnham Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University. On Bryan and the OPC’s Psychological Warfare Workshop, see Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men—Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), p. 33.
12. Joseph Bryan to James Burnham, 30 June 1949, 5.22, Burnham Papers.
13. Frederick W. Williams to James Burnham, 21 July 1949, 5.22, Burnham Papers.
14. Kelly, James Burnham, p. 152.
15. James Burnham, memorandum, 16 February 1951, 11.4, Burnham Papers.
Burnham was regularly reimbursed by the OPC the additional costs of using his house for these purposes.
16. James Burnham, “A Trip to Boston and New York,” 1 November 1950, 11.2, Burnham Papers.
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17. E. Howard Hunt, Undercover: Memoirs of a Secret Agent ([New York]: Berkley Publishing Co., 1974), p. 69.
18. See, for example, James Burnham, “Kultura,” March 1950, 9.3, Burnham Papers.
According to Washington Post columnist Mary McGrory, Burnham’s Washington residence was “a mecca for iron curtain refugees.” Quoted in Kelly, James Burnham, p. 155.
19. James Burnham, “A Discussion with Officials of the International Rescue Committee, 17 July 1951,” 20 July 1951, 11.5, Burnham Papers; James Burnham,
“Czeslaw Milosz,” 26 November 1951, 11.6, Burnham Papers.
20. James Burnham, “A Sour Taste in the Friends of Fighters For Russian Freedom,”
7 March 1951, 11.5, Burnham Papers.
21. James Burnham “Stalin’s Health,” 14 December 1949, 11.1, Burnham Papers; James Burnham, “Cartoons,” 8 December 1949, 11.1, Burnham Papers; James Burnham, “A Desirable Semantic Change,” 1 November 1950, 11.3, Burnham Papers.
22. Miles Copeland, “James Burnham,” National Review, 11 September 1987, 37–38.
23. Warren G. Fugitt to James Burnham, 23 March 1983, 9.1, Burnham Papers.
