17d05d030193283f60ac573244de53e6 полностью

24. James Burnham to Sidney Hook, 3 December 1948, 8.5, Sidney Hook Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

25. James Burnham to Sidney Hook, 22 December 1948, 8.5, Hook Papers; James Burnham to Arthur Koestler, 14 September 1950, 6.49, Burnham Papers.

26. James Burnham, “The Strategy of the Politburo, and the Problem of American Counter-Strategy,” n.d. [probably 1950], 2.13, Burnham Papers.

27. Walter Bedell Smith to Edward Barrett, 28 July 1950, 27.26, Hook Papers.

28. Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? p. 158; Sidney Hook to Raymond Allen, 26 November 1951, 29.23, Hook Papers.

29. James Burnham to Sidney Hook, 11 January 49, 8.5, Hook Papers. In April 1950, Burnham wrote Hook from Washington, informing Hook that he had “been discussing several of your admirable ideas with persons here,” which suggests that Hook had still not been directly approached by the OPC. James Burnham to Sidney Hook, 5 April 1950, 6.38, Burnham Papers.

30. J. Edgar Hoover to “SAC, New York,” 5 January 1943, Sidney Hook FBI file. The resulting file, no. 100-176573, was placed in a “closed status” after a Special Agent submitted a singularly unsensational report on Hook’s Trotskyist activities in October 1944. Hoover requested the file be reviewed in March 1949 so that a

“recommendation” could be made. This suggests that the OPC might have been investigating Hook after Burnham had recommended him for consultancy work.

J. Edgar Hoover to “SAC, New York,” 18 March 1949, Hook FBI file.

31. Sidney Hook to Harold M. Janis, 2 April 1948, 29.12, Hook Papers.

32. Sidney Hook to James Burnham, 15 September 1948, 8.5, Hook Papers.

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33. There are several detailed accounts of the launch of the CCF. See Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe (New York: Free Press, 1989), chaps. 1–2; Pierre Grémion, Intelligence de L’Anticommunisme: Le Congrès pour la liberté de la culture à Paris (1950–1975) (Paris: Fayard, 1995), chap. 1; Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? chaps. 1–5.

34. Quoted in Michael Warner, “Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949–50,” Studies in Intelligence 38 (1995): 92. This is an immensely useful article written by a member of the CIA’s History Staff on the basis of still classified Agency documents.

35. Quoted in Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? p. 54.

36. James Burnham, “Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom,” 17 May 1950, 11.2, Burnham Papers.

37. James Burnham, “New York Operations of the Congress for Cultural Freedom,”

16 August 1950, 11.2, Burnham Papers.

38. Coleman, Liberal Conspiracy, p. 27.

39. Anon., “Report on Congress for Cultural Freedom,” box 278, folder Congress for Cultural Freedom, Jay Lovestone Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University; Arthur Koestler, “Berlin Diary,” 25 June 1950, MSS2395/3, Arthur Koestler Papers, Edinburgh University Library.

40. Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? p. 89. James Burnham, “The Strategy of the Politburo, and the Problem of American Counter-Strategy,” n.d. [probably 1950], 2.13, Burnham Papers. Fischer quoted in Smant, How Great the Triumph, p. 34.

41. Wisner quoted in Warner, “Origins of Congress for Cultural Freedom,” 92. Truman and Wisner quoted in ibid., 97. Josselson quoted in ibid., 94. “Well-earned vacation”: Melvin J. Lasky, interview with author, Rusper, Sussex, 13 August 1997. In addition to displeasing Wisner, Lasky’s actions during the Berlin Congress angered Burnham, who suspected that the young New York intellectual, a member of Sol Levitas’s New Leader circle, was promoting the factional interests of the Mensheviks over other Russian and minority nationality groups. See Burnham, “A Campaign by the Russian Menshevik Émigrées [ sic],” n.d., 9.1, Burnham Papers.

42. Arthur Koestler to Bertrand Russell, 22 September 1950, MSS2345/1, Koestler Papers.

43. Irving Brown to Arthur Koestler, 2 November 1950, 13.10, International Affairs Department, Irving Brown Papers (RG18-004), George Meany Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, Maryland.

44. Quoted in David Cesarani, Arthur Koestler: The Homeless Mind (London: William Heinemann, 1998), pp. 382–383.

45. Despite this coincidence of strategic vision, Burnham felt little personal sympa-

274

N O T E S T O PA G E S 8 1 – 8 4

thy for Koestler, whom he described to the OPC as “neurotic in the strict pathological sense.” In a lengthy memorandum of May 1951, in which he detailed Koestler’s personality defects, Burnham advised the OPC against involving the Hungarian too closely in its front operations. James Burnham, “Arthur Koestler,”

31 May 1951, 11.5, Burnham Papers.