Poland полностью

Lanckorona, Battle of 193

Land Bank 263

Land Credit Society 266, 269

land ownership 48-50, 89, 94, 97, 140, 156, 158, 183, 193, 202, 215, 240, 243-4, 245, 250-1, 261, 263, 264, 266, 269, 272, 298, 308, 316, 317, 333, 340, 344

Land Purchase Bank 264

Langiewicz, Marian 244

Lannes, Marshal Jean 233

Łaski Jan, Archbishop 60, 61, 70

Latvia 20, 21, 389

Law and Justice Party (PiS) 393, 394, 395, 398

Łazewska, Dorota 67

League of Nations 293, 306

League of Polish Families (LPR) 393, 394, 395, 396

Ledóchowski, Bishop Mieczysław 262

legal system: appeal court 89; castellans’ courts 46; codified (1776) 196-7; county courts 46; ecclesiastical courts 46, 67-8, 72, 73; elective courts 46; ’executionist’ movement 71-2, 73; Ius Polonicum 16, 17; Kazimierz codifies 31; king gives up role as supreme court of appeal (1518) 89; ’Magdeburg Law’ 17, 32; Neminem captivabimus nisi iure victum 44, 55; Nihil novi 46; People’s Republic 351; Privilege of Nieszawa (1454) 45; Republic’s system of 307; starosties 46, 72-3; Statute of Piotrków 31; Statute of Wi lica 31; Supreme Crown Court 46

Legion of the Vistula 222, 224, 225

Lelewel, Joachim 230, 251

Lem, Stanisław 360

Lemberg Assembly 266

Lemberg University 229

Lemkos 343

Lenin, V.I. 285, 294

Leopold II, Emperor of Germany 210, 211

Lepper, Andrzej 390, 393-4, 395, 396

Leszczyński, Rafał 173

Leszczyński, Stanisław see Stanisław I, King of Poland 177-8, 180, 190

Leszczyński family 63, 128, 160

Leszek ’the White’, Duke of Kraków 15

Leszno 63, 127, 128

literature: Arcadia, search for in 98, 101-2, 253-4; Bible translations 54, 99; Catholic Church promotes 53; Commonwealth 85, 98-104; early Polish 98-9; Enlightenment 197-8; fifteenth-century 52-3; influence of Polish throughout Europe 102; Italian influence upon 53-4, 85; Jesuit influence upon 128; languages, use of see languages; novel and short story 278-9, 281; People’s Republic 346, 352-3, 359-60, 377-8; poets 100-2, 131-2, 198, 230, 252-3, 255; Polish Republic 310; Positivist Movement 277-80, 281; preoccupation with public affairs and government 99-100; printing presses first used 54, 98, 104; Renaissance 85; Romanticism 252-7, 279; sielanki theme 101-2; Stanisław Augustus patronises 202-3; theatre 198, 278; Third Republic 406-7; uniformity of spelling and grammar established 99; universities and 53

Lithuania xviii, 15, 20, 23, 35, 37, 38, 39, 42, 45, 54-5, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 69, 75, 76, 78, 79-80, 81, 82, 92, 107, 109, 111, 120, 122, 136, 147, 148, 159-60, 177, 179, 187, 213, 224, 236, 253, 268, 282, 292, 294, 312, 339, 342, 389, 399, 400

Livonia 111, 112, 114, 115, 122, 131, 148, 158, 180

Lloyd George, David 295

Locarno Conference, 1925 311

Lódz 269-70, 271, 287, 318, 357

Louis XIV, King of France 167

Louis XV, King of France 180, 182

Louis d’Anjou, King of Hungary and Poland 35, 86

Louis Jagiellon, King of Hungary and Bohemia 56, 110

Louis, Victor 202

Louis-Philippe, King of the French 234, 237, 256

Louise-Marie, Queen of Poland 146, 152, 162

Łubieński, Konstanty 361

Łubieński, Maciej 144

Lublin 20, 37, 51, 62-3, 65, 67, 80, 104, 155, 177, 182, 292, 309, 327, 332

Lubomirska, Elżbieta 182

Lubomirski, Marshal Jerzy 157, 161, 169

Lubomirski, Marshal Stanisław Herakliusz 104-5, 119, 169-70

Lubomirski, Zdzisław 292

Lubomirski family 104-5, 119, 129, 146, 157, 160

Lubusz 23

Łuck 54, 58, 149

Łukasiewicz, Ignacy 280

Łukasiński, Major Walerian 230

Luksemburg, Róża 284

Lunéville, Treaty of (1801) 220

Luria, Solomon 65

Lusatians 2

Luther, Martin 61, 63, 64, 66, 69, 110, 111

Lutherans 65, 73, 96, 114, 125, 139

Luxembourg dynasty 42

Lwów 51, 53, 71, 92, 93, 142, 148, 155, 158, 185, 237, 239, 266, 273, 278, 289, 292, 294, 305, 309, 315, 342

Maciejewski, Stanisław 70

Mąaczyński, Jan 99

Madaliński, General Józef 213

magnates 12, 128; Confederation of Bar, role in 193, 194; constitution and 109, 146, 129, 186; insurrection (1794) and 215; Jesuits and 129; Krakow Lords 33; land ownership 51, 182-4; monarchy, relationship with 109, 119-20, 146, 148, 157, 162, 181, 193; parliamentary system and 159-60, 162, 186, 196; Patriots 205; peasants and 50; private towns 155, 157; starosties and 72-3; supplement income with lucrative or influential public office 51

Magyars 42

Małachowski, Stanisław 205, 207, 222

Malinowski, Joseph ben Mardoch 65

Małopolska (Lesser Poland) 11, 16, 19, 32, 34, 35, 45, 61, 62, 100, 154, 213

March of Brandenburg 26

Marchlewski, Julian 284

Marchocki, Ścibor 202

Marcinkiewicz, Kazimierz 395, 404

Marcinkowski, Karol 277

Maritime Commission 135

Marshall Aid 350

Marx, Karl 217, 248

Marxism xx, 351, 352, 354, 358

Mary I, Queen of England 70

Matejko, Jan 280

Mątwy, Battle of (1666) 161

Maximilian I of Habsburg, Archduke 110, 113, 114

Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 109

Mazarin, Cardinal Jules 146

Mazepa, Ivan 178

Mazovia 16, 20, 21, 26, 30, 43, 45, 61, 62, 67, 71, 92, 154, 158, 307

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 384, 385, 386, 388, 389

Mazurians 265

Mazzini, Giuseppe 236, 247, 254

Mecklenburg 9, 20

Mehmet IV, Sultan of Turkey 162-3

Melanchthon, Philipp 99

Meller, Stefan 395