16.Brian Blouet, Halford Mackinder: A Biography (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2010), 134.
17.Amery, My Political Life, 228.
18.“World Tour in Thought. Mr. Mackinder, M.P., on the Duty of Democracy,” Observer, March 13, 1910.
19.“Sir Halford Mackinder,” The Times, March 17, 1947.
20.Mackinder, interestingly, rarely used the term “geopolitics,” preferring “political geography.”
21.Halford J. Mackinder, “On the Scope and Methods of Geography,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, March 1887, 143–44.
22.Halford J. Mackinder, “The Physical Basis of Political Geography,” Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1890, 78–84.
23.Halford J. Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas (New York: Appleton, 1902); Halford J. Mackinder, The Rhine, Its Valley and History (London: Chatto, 1908).
24.Halford J. Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot of History,” Geographical Journal, April 1904, 422.
25.Kevin Narizny, “Anglo-American Primacy and the Global Spread of Democracy: An International Genealogy,” World Politics, April 2012, 341–73.
26.Arnold Toynbee, The Prospects of Western Civilization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949), 8.
27.Aaron Friedberg, The Weary Titan: Britain and the Experience of Relative Decline, 1895–1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
28.Henry Kissinger, A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace, 1812–1822 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957).
29.T. G. Otte, “ ‘A Very Internecine Policy’: Anglo-Russian Cold Wars before the Cold War,” in C. Baxter, M. Dockrill, and K. Hamilton, eds., Britain in Global Politics, Volume 1: From Gladstone to Churchill (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 35.
30.Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 121, 128; Wolfgang Mommsen, Imperial Germany 1867–1918: Politics, Culture, and Society in an Authoritarian State (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995).
31.Williamson Murray, “Strategy and Total War,” in Hal Brands, ed., The New Makers of Modern Strategy: From the Ancient World to the Digital Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023), 522–44.
32.Richard Overy, Blood and Ruins: The Last Imperial War, 1931–1945 (New York: Penguin, 2022), 3, 5.
33.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 437.
34.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 421–22.
35.Overy, Blood and Ruins, 6.
36.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 421, 433.
37.Sheldon Anderson, “Metternich, Bismarck, and the Myth of the ‘Long Peace,’ ” Peace & Change, July 2007, 301–28.
38.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 422.
39.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 432–33.
40.John Shelton Curtiss, Russia’s Crimean War (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1979), 340, 419–20, 423, 529; Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Vintage, 1988), 174.
41.Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–71 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
42.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 434.
43.Darwin, After Tamerlane, 322.
44.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 434.
45.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 434.
46.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 436; Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction [1919] (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1942).
47.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 428, 436.
48.Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality, 106. Mackinder prefaced this dictum with “Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland,” for reasons I explain in chapter 2.
49.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 435–36.
50.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 427–28.
51.See George Nathaniel Curzon, Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question (London: Longman, Green, 1889).
52.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 437.
53.Mackinder, “Geographical Pivot,” 437–44.
54.Dennis Warner and Peggy Warner, The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–05 (New York: Routledge, 2004).
