55.Carl von Clausewitz, On War, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 102, 578.
56.Mark Zwonitzer, The Statesman and the Storyteller: John Hay, Mark Twain, and the Rise of American Imperialism (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin, 2016), 273.
57.Kori Schake, Safe Passage: The Transition from British to American Hegemony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017), 157.
58.Halford J. Mackinder, “The Empire and Canada,” The Times, December 15, 1908.
59.George Dangerfield, The Awakening of American Nationalism, 1815–1828 (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 4.
60.Washington Chauncey Ford, ed., The Writings of John Quincy Adams, vol. 4 (New York: Macmillan, 2015), 128.
61.Michael Hunt, American Ascendancy: How the United States Gained and Wielded Global Dominance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 24–31.
62.Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” 1893. See also Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation: America’s Foreign Policy from Its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (New York: Knopf, 2006).
63.Kent Calder, Super Continent: The Logic of Eurasian Integration (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019), xiv.
64.William Cowles to Theodore Roosevelt, July 29, 1907, Theodore Roosevelt Papers, LC.
65.Extracts from a letter from Rear Admiral Stephen Luce to the Secretary of the Navy, March 14, 1889, Reel 2, Alfred Thayer Mahan Papers, LC; Alfred Thayer Mahan, “Naval Warfare, Lecture II,” Naval War College Lectures, Spring 1897, Reel 4, Mahan Papers, LC.
66.Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1890), ch. 1.
67.For one comparison of the two thinkers, see Paul Kennedy, “Mahan versus Mackinder: Two Interpretations of British Seapower,” Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilunger, January 1974, 39–66. For an excellent article placing Mahan within the wider scope of geopolitical thought, see Sarah C. M. Paine, “Centuries of Security: Chinese, Russian and U.S. Continental versus Maritime Approaches,” Journal of Military History, October 2022.
68.Mahan, Influence of Sea Power upon History, 25.
69.Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812, vol. 2 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1892), 118.
70.Mahan, Influence of Sea Power upon History, 138.
71.Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future (Boston: Little, Brown, 1897), 124.
72.Alfred Thayer Mahan, From Sail to Steam: Recollections of Naval Life (New York: Harper, 1907), 324.
73.Sadao Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2006), 8; George Baer, One Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U.S. Navy, 1890–1990 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), 14.
74.Albert Gleaves, Life and Letters of Rear Admiral Stephen B. Luce (New York: Putnam, 1925), 304; John Maurer, “Alfred Thayer Mahan and the Strategy of Sea Power,” in Brands, ed., New Makers of Modern Strategy, 175–78.
75.Norman Angell, “ ‘The Great Illusion’: A Reply to Rear-Admiral A. T. Mahan,” North American Review, June 1912, 772.
76.Jon Sumida, Inventing Grand Strategy and Teaching Command: The Classic Works of Alfred Thayer Mahan Reconsidered (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997), 92–94.
77.Alfred Thayer Mahan, “The Problem of Asia,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, March 1900, 546.
78.Alfred Thayer Mahan, Mahan on Naval Warfare: Selections from the Writings of Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan, edited by Allan Westcott (Boston: Little, Brown, 1918), 302.
