108.Spykman, America’s Strategy, 444–45.
109.Albert Hirschman, National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1945), xv.
110.Spykman, America’s Strategy, 34, 205–6, 267, 314. For a critique, see Robert J. Art, “The United States, the Balance of Power, and World War II: Was Spykman Right?,” Security Studies, July–September 2005, 365–406.
111.Spykman, America’s Strategy, 165, 460.
112.Spykman, Geography of the Peace, 41.
113.Spykman, Geography of the Peace, 29, 41–42, 43.
114.Spykman, Geography of the Peace, 47.
115.Edward Mead Earle, “Power Politics and American World Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, March 1943, 94, 102.
116.George F. Kennan, “Measures Short of War (Diplomatic),” National War College Lecture, September 16, 1946, George F. Kennan Papers, SMML.
117.Spykman, America’s Strategy, 11.
118.S. C. M. Paine, The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017); Andrew Lambert, Seapower States: Maritime Culture, Continental Empires, and the Conflict That Made the Modern World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018).
119.Mackubin Owens, “In Defense of Classical Geopolitics,” Naval War College Review, Autumn 1999, esp. 66. On the origins, see also Jonathan Haslam, No Virtue Like Necessity: Realist Thought in International Relations since Machiavelli (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), esp. 176–78; Robert Strausz-Hupé, Geopolitics: The Struggle for Space and Power (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1942), 25–46.
120.Holger Herwig, “Geopolitik: Haushofer, Hitler, and Lebensraum,” Journal of Strategic Studies, April–May 1999, 230.
121.Andreas Dorpalen, The World of General Haushofer: Geopolitics in Action (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1942), 29, 28, 42; Hans Weigert, “Haushofer and the Pacific,” Foreign Affairs, July 1942, 738–40.
122.Dorpalen, World of General Haushofer, 142–43; Alfred D. Low, The Men around Hitler: The Nazi Elite and Its Collaborators (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 27; Derwent Whittlesey, “Haushofer: The Geopoliticians,” in Earle, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy, esp. 398–410.
123.Parker, Mackinder, 173.
124.Herwig, “Geopolitik,” 218.
125.OSS Reference Card, “Haushofer, Karl,” undated, CIA FOIA, CIA-RDP82-00038R001000160005-0.
126.The best study is Holger Herwig, Demon of Geopolitics: How Karl Haushofer “Educated” Hitler and Hess (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016).
127.Herwig, Demon of Geopolitics, 83.
128.Herwig, Demon of Geopolitics, 137.
129.Herwig, “Geopolitik,” 229.
130.Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, translated by Ralph Mannheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943), 643.
131.Strausz-Hupé, Geopolitics, 139.
132.Herwig, “Geopolitik,” 233–34.
133.See Karl Haushofer to Albrecht Haushofer, September 3, 1940, in DGFP, Series D, vol. 11, 15–18.
134.Low, The Men Around Hitler, 33.
135.Carlyle Morgan, “The Man Behind the Man Behind Hitler,” Christian Science Monitor, March 12, 1947.
136.John Dunlop, “Aleksandr Dugin’s Foundations of Geopolitics,” Demokratizatsiya, Winter 2004; Aleksandr Dugin, Last War of the World: The Geopolitics of Contemporary Russia, translated by John Bryant (London: Arktos, 2015), 145; Waller Newell, Tyrants: Power, Injustice, and Terror (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 228.
137.Sergey Radchenko, “Daria Dugina Has Become a Martyr for Putin,” Spectator, August 24, 2022.
138.Andrew Marshall to Donald Rumsfeld, May 2, 2002, Department of Defense Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room.
139.Kaplan, Revenge of Geography.
Chapter 2: The Great Black Tornado
1.Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (New York: Morrow, 1972), 239.
