2.J. S. Dunn, The Crowe Memorandum: Sir Eyre Crowe and Foreign Office Perceptions of Germany, 1918–1925 (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars, 2013), 7; also T. G. Otte, “Eyre Crowe and British Foreign Policy: A Cognitive Map,” in Otte and Constantine Pagedas, eds., Personalities, War, and Diplomacy (New York: Routledge, 1997).
3.Eyre Crowe, “Memorandum on the Present State of British Relations with France and Germany,” January 1, 1907, WikiSource, accessed December 8, 2022.
4.Robert Massie, Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War (New York: Random House, 2012), 269.
5.Crowe, “Memorandum on the Present State of British Relations with France and Germany.”
6.Kenneth Rose, The Great War and Americans in Europe, 1914–1917 (New York: Routledge, 2017), 3.
7.A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), xxvii; Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, 210; Graham Allison, Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2017), 65.
8.GDD, vol. 3, 16; Taylor, Struggle for Mastery, 372–402; Fritz Fischer with Hajo Holborn and James Joll, Germany’s Aims in the First World War (New York: Norton, 1967).
9.“Bernhard von Bülow on Germany’s ‘Place in the Sun,’ ” 1897, available at GHDI (German History in Documents and Images) website.
10.Imanuel Geiss, ed., July 1914: Selected Documents: Outbreak of the First World War (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1967), 46.
11.Stephen Van Evera, “The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War,” International Security, Summer 1984, 66.
12.GDD, vol. 4, 314; Donald Kagan, On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace (New York: Knopf, 1996), 139–40.
13.Stephen Kotkin, Stalin, Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 (New York: Penguin, 2015), 139.
14.Annika Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 18.
15.Max Hastings, Catastrophe 1914: Europe Goes to War (New York: Knopf, 2013), 7.
16.Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 34.
17.Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, 213–14.
18.Volker Berghahn, Imperial Germany: Economy, Society, Culture, and Politics (New York: Berghahn, 2005), 265–66.
19.GDD, vol. 4, 126.
20.Taylor, Struggle for Mastery, esp. 427.
21.On the naval race, see Paul Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1980).
22.Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke; Jack Snyder, “Civil–Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive, 1914 and 1984,” International Security, Summer 1984.
23.Van Evera, “Cult of the Offensive,” 69; David Stevenson, “War by Timetable? The Railway Race before 1914,” Past & Present, February 1999, 179; Dale Copeland, The Origins of Major War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), 70.
24.Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 172; Hew Strachan, The First World War (New York: Penguin, 2005), 70.
25.Sean McMeekin, July 1914: Countdown to War (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 20.
26.The Balkan angle is emphasized in Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (New York: Harper Perennial, 2014).
27.Stephen Van Evera, Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), 204.
28.Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 198; Taylor, Struggle for Mastery, 508, 510, 527–28.
29.See Die Deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch 1914, document 179, available at Brigham Young University website, accessed August 21, 2022.
