5.On the notion of the post–World War II era as a golden age, see also Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991 (New York: Vintage, 1996).
6.Harry S. Truman, Special Message to Congress, March 12, 1947, APP.
7.OSS, “Problems and Objectives of United States Policy,” April 12, 1945, Declassified Documents Reference System; William Curti Wohlforth, The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993), 121–22.
8.Vladislav Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 19; John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), chs. 1–2.
9.Zubok, Failed Empire, 20.
10.Felix Chuev, Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics: Conversations with Felix Chuev (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993), 63.
11.Smith to Secretary of State, FRUS 1946, vol. 6, document 517; Anne Applebaum, Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956 (New York: Knopf, 2012).
12.CIA, “The Possibility of Direct Soviet Military Action during 1949,” May 3, 1949, CIA FOIA.
13.Norman Naimark, Stalin and the Fate of Europe: The Postwar Struggle for Sovereignty (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019).
14.Ambassador in France (Caffery) to Secretary of State, July 3, 1947, FRUS 1947, vol. 3, document 182.
15.British Embassy to State Department, March 11, 1948, FRUS 1948, vol. 3, document 37.
16.John Lewis Gaddis, George F. Kennan: An American Life (New York: Penguin, 2011).
17.David Mayers, “Soviet War Aims and the Grand Alliance: George Kennan’s Views, 1944–1946,” Journal of Contemporary History, January 1986, 68.
18.Kennan to Secretary, March 20, 1946, FRUS 1946, vol. 6, document 487.
19.Kennan to Secretary, February 22, 1946, FRUS 1946, vol. 6, document 475.
20.John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War (New York: Oxford, 2005), 386–87.
21.G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 167–68.
22.X (Kennan), “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs, July 1947, 576.
23.X, “Sources of Soviet Conduct,” 582.
24.Wohlforth, Elusive Balance, 85; Telegram from Nikolai Novikov, September 27, 1946, CWIHP.
25.Kennan to Secretary, February 22, 1946, FRUS 1946, vol. 6, document 487.
26.Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: Norton, 1969), 3–4.
27.Robert Beisner, Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Wilson Miscamble, “Rejected Architect and Master Builder: George Kennan, Dean Acheson, and Postwar Europe,” Review of Politics, Summer 1996.
28.Acheson, Present at the Creation, 219.
29.Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 254–55; Joseph Jones, The Fifteen Weeks, February 21–June 5, 1947 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964).
30.Harry S. Truman, Special Message to Congress, March 12, 1947, APP.
31.MemCon with Generalissimo Stalin, April 15, 1947, in Larry Bland et al., eds., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 6 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 103.
32.Editorial Note, FRUS 1947, vol. 3, document 133.
33.William Hitchcock, The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945 to the Present (New York: Knopf, 2008), 63; Benn Steil, The Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018).
34.Dean Acheson, “The Requirements of Reconstruction,” Department of State Bulletin, May 18, 1947.
35.Takemae Eiji, Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan, translated by Robert Rickets and Sebastian Swann (New York: Continuum, 2003), 7.
