121.Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, February 23, 1942, APP.
122.“Bohlen Minutes,” November 19, 1943, FRUS: Cairo and Tehran, document 365.
123.Address to Joint Session of U.S. Congress, December 26, 1941, National Churchill Museum.
124.For Franco’s position, see Andrew Buchanan, American Grand Strategy in the Mediterranean during World War II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 57–59.
125.Paul Kennedy, Strategy and Diplomacy, 1870–1945: Eight Studies (London: Allen & Unwin, 1983), 187.
126.Churchill to Roosevelt, April 16, 1942, FO-954-6C-568, TNA.
127.Roosevelt to Marshall, King, and Hopkins, July 15, 1942, Box 4, Safe File, FDRL. See also Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 307–8.
128.Combined Chiefs of Staff Minutes, January 14, 1943, FRUS: The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943, document 337; Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully, Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2007).
129.British Chiefs of Staff, “American-British Strategy in 1943,” January 3, 1943, FRUS: Washington and Casablanca, document 401.
130.Statistics from Robert Kagan, “Challenging the U.S. Is a Historic Mistake,” Wall Street Journal, February 3, 2023; Christian Hartmann, Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany’s War in the East, 1941–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 42; James Sheehan, Where Have All the Soldiers Gone? The Transformation of Modern Europe (New York: Mariner, 2008), 128; Williamson Murray and Allan Millett, A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2000), 543.
131.Sheehan, Where Have All the Soldiers Gone?, 128.
132.Phillips Payson O’Brien, How the War Was Won: Air–Sea Power and Allied Victory in World War II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 5.
133.“D-Day by the Numbers: Pulling Off the Biggest Amphibious Invasion in History,” Miltary.com, June 5, 2019; Antony Beevor, D-Day: The Battle for Normandy (New York: Penguin, 2009).
134.“Stalin and Harriman Discuss the Military Situation,” June 10, 1944, CWIHP.
135.William Hitchcock, Bitter Road to Freedom: A New History of the Liberation of Europe (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 136.
136.Brendan Simms, “Strategies of Geopolitical Revolution: Hitler and Stalin,” in Brands, ed., The New Makers of Modern Strategy: From the Ancient World to the Digital Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023), 629.
137.Arthur Herman, Freedom’s Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II (New York: Random House, 2013).
138.Allan Millett, Peter Maslowski, and William Feis, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States from 1607 to 2012 (New York: Free Press, 2012), 387; Overy, Blood and Ruins, 530; Mark Harrison, “The Economics of World War II: An Overview,” in Mark Harrison, ed., The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998), 10.
139.David Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 615.
140.Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 731.
141.For good surveys, see Geoffrey Jukes, The Second World War: The Eastern Front, 1941–1945 (London: Osprey, 2002); Chris Bellamy, Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War (New York: Knopf, 2007).
142.McMeekin, Stalin’s War, 382–424.
143.Henry Morgenthau, diary entry, March 11, 1942, Morgenthau Presidential Diaries, FDRL.
