56.Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan; Douglas Irwin, Clashing over Commerce: A History of U.S. Trade Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017), 484–86.
57.Dean Acheson, “The Pattern of Leadership—A Pattern of Responsibility,” Department of State Bulletin, September 22, 1952, 427.
58.Eisenhower to Churchill, March 29, 1955, Box 6, Eisenhower Diary, Ann Whitman File, Dwight David Eisenhower Presidential Library.
59.Zubok, Failed Empire, 102; Vladislav Zubok and Hope Harrison, “The Nuclear Education of Nikita Khrushchev,” in John Lewis Gaddis, ed., Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy since 1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 157.
60.See “North Atlantic Military Committee Decision on M.C. 14/1: A Report by the Standing Group on Strategic Guidance,” December 9, 1952, NATO Archive.
61.Dwight Eisenhower, Remarks at the National Editorial Association Dinner, June 22, 1954, APP.
62.“Measures to Implement the Strategic Concept for the Defense of the NATO Area,” December 8, 1969, NATO Archive.
63.See Owen R. Cote, Jr., “The Third Battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy’s Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines,” U.S. Naval War College, Newport Papers 16, 2003.
64.Dwight Eisenhower, diary entry, January 23, 1956, FRUS 1955–1957, vol. 19, document 53.
65.“Estimated U.S. and Soviet/Russian Nuclear Stockpiles,” 59; H. W. Brands, “The Age of Vulnerability: Eisenhower and the National Insecurity State,” American Historical Review 94, October 1989, 963–89; David Rosenberg and W. B. Moore, “ ‘Smoking Radiating Ruin at the End of Two Hours’: Documents on American Plans for Nuclear War with the Soviet Union, 1954–1955,” International Security, Spring 1983, 3–71.
66.NSC Meeting, December 3, 1954, FRUS 1952–1954, vol. 2, part 1, document 138; NSC Meeting, December 22, 1954, Box 6, NSC Series, Dwight David Eisenhower Presidential Library.
67.Henry Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1957).
68.State to Ankara and Other Posts, December 23, 1964, Electronic Briefing Book (EBB) 31, National Security Archive (NSA).
69.State to NATO Capitals, June 11, 1980, EBB 390, NSA; Brendan Green, The Revolution That Failed: Nuclear Competition, Arms Control, and the Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020).
70.Jonathan Haslam, Russia’s Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 304; Matthew Ambrose, The Control Agenda: A History of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018), 34–35.
71.MemCon, March 8, 1976, FRUS 1969–1976, vol. 35, document 73. See also Gordon Barrass, The Great Cold War: A Journey through the Hall of Mirrors (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009), 212–14.
72.Reagan–Mitterrand Meeting, March 22, 1984, Declassified Documents Reference System.
73.NSC Meeting, January 26, 1956, FRUS 1955–1957, vol. 20, document 103.
74.Norman Gelb, The Berlin Wall: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and a Showdown in the Heart of Europe (New York: Times Books, 1986), 3.
75.Embassy in Moscow to State, January 1, 1960, FRUS 1958–1960, vol. 9, document 63; Vladislav Zubok, “Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis (1958–1962),” Cold War International History Project Working Paper 6, May 1993.
76.Sergei Khrushchev, ed., Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007), 436.
77.Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 186.
78.Ernest May and Philip Zelikow, Kennedy Tapes Concise Edition: Inside the White House during the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Norton, 2002), xlvi.
79.Memorandum for Christian Herter, August 13, 1958, DNSA.
80.Discussion with Eisenhower, March 6, 1959, Declassified Documents Reference System; also TelCon with Eisenhower, November 22, 1958, DNSA; Richard Betts, Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1985), 86.
81.Roswell Gilpatric, Address, October 21, 1961, EBB 56, DNSA; Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, We All Lost the Cold War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 37.
