83.Afshon Ostovar, Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran’s Revolutionary Guards (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 205.
84.Seth Jones, “War by Proxy: Iran’s Growing Footprint in the Middle East,” CSIS Briefs, March 2019, 6; Oded Yaron, “150,000 Missiles Aimed at Israel: How Far Does Hezbollah’s Deadly Arsenal Reach?,” Haaretz, October 23, 2023.
85.“Iran Launches Missile Attacks on U.S. Facilities in Iraq,” Al Jazeera, January 8, 2020; Gawdat Bahgat and Anoushiravan Ehteshami, Defending Iran: From Revolutionary Guards to Ballistic Missiles (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021).
86.Sadjadpour, “Iran’s Hollow Victory”; Kim Ghattas, Black Wave: Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Forty-Year Rivalry That Unraveled Culture, Religion, and Collective Memory in the Middle East (New York: Henry Holt, 2020).
87.“Iran’s Khamenei Says Moscow, Tehran Cooperation Can Isolate U.S.—TV,” Reuters, November 1, 2017.
88.Jeff Seldin, “US Defense Officials: China Is Leading in Hypersonic Weapons,” Voice of America, March 10, 2023.
89.Scott Jasper, “Assessing Russia’s Role and Responsibility in the Colonial Pipeline Attack,” New Atlanticist, June 1, 2021; Alina Polyakova, “The Kremlin’s Plot against Democracy,” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2020, 142–43. It isn’t clear whether Putin authorized the Colonial Pipeline attack or simply created an atmosphere in which it could occur.
90.Michael Mazarr et al., The Emerging Risk of Virtual Societal Warfare (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2019).
91.Introduction, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002.
92.Larry Diamond, “Facing Up to the Democratic Recession,” Journal of Democracy, January 2015.
93.Simina Mistreanu, “Life Inside China’s Social Credit Laboratory,” Foreign Policy, April 3, 2018; Andrea Kendall-Taylor, Erica Frantz, and Joseph Wright, “The Digital Dictators: How Technology Strengthens Autocracy,” Foreign Affairs, March–April 2020.
94.Hal Brands, “Democracy vs. Authoritarianism: How Ideology Shapes Great-Power Conflict,” Survival, October–November 2018.
95.Christopher Walker and Jessica Ludwig, “The Long Arm of the Strongman: How China and Russia Use Sharp Power to Threaten Democracies,” Foreign Affairs, May 12, 2021; Elizabeth Dwoskin, “How Russian Disinformation Toppled Government after Government in Africa,” Washington Post, October 30, 2023; Alina Polyakova and Chris Meserole, “Exporting Digital Authoritarianism: The Russian and Chinese Models,” Brookings Institution Policy Brief, August 2019. More broadly, see Larry Diamond, Marc Plattner, and Christopher Walker, eds., Authoritarianism Goes Global: The Challenge to Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016).
96.Robert Chesney and Danielle Citron, “Deepfakes and the New Disinformation War: The Coming Age of Post-Truth Geopolitics,” Foreign Affairs, January–February 2019.
97.Eric Heginbotham et al., The U.S.–China Military Scorecard: Forces, Geography, and the Evolving Balance of Power, 1996–2017 (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2015), xxx. See also Christian Brose, The Kill Chain: Defending America in the Future of High-Tech Warfare (New York: Hachette, 2020).
98.Jeff Seldin, “US Defense Officials.”
99.National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, Final Report (Washington, DC: National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, 2021).
100.David Shambaugh, China’s Future (London: Polity, 2016); Kinling Lo, “Tech War: Beijing Will Come out of Decoupling Worse Off Than the US, Say Chinese Academics,” South China Morning Post, February 1, 2022.
101.Michael Brown, Eric Chewning, and Pavneet Singh, “Preparing the United States for the Superpower Marathon with China,” Brookings Institution, April 2020; Dan Blumenthal and Derek Scissors, “China’s Technology Strategy: Leverage before Growth,” American Enterprise Institute, June 8, 2023.
102.Henry Farrell and Abraham Newman, “Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion,” International Security, Summer 2019, 42–79.
