57.Winston Churchill, radio broadcast, August 24, 1941, in Martin Gilbert, ed., The Churchill War Papers, vol. 3, The Ever-Widening War, 1941 (New York: Norton, 1993), 1103.
58.Tami Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).
59.Hugh Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1953), 93.
60.Winston Churchill, “A Note on the War,” December 25, 1939, in Gilbert, ed., Churchill War Papers, vol. 1, At the Admiralty (New York: Norton, 1993), 569.
61.Ian Kershaw, Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941 (London: Allen Lane, 2007).
62.Memorandum, “Economic Aid from the New World to the Old,” June 16, 1940, CAB 66/8, TNA.
63.On Churchill’s leadership, see Andrew Roberts, Churchill: Walking with Destiny (New York: Penguin, 2018).
64.Gorodetsky, Maisky Diaries, 352.
65.Gilbert, Churchill War Papers, vol. 2, Never Surrender (New York: Norton, 1993), 182.
66.Winston Churchill, Remarks in House of Commons, June 4, 1940, available at winstonchurchill.org.
67.Winston Churchill, Remarks in House of Commons, June 18, 1940, available at winstonchurchill.org.
68.Max Boot, War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History (New York: Gotham, 2006), 273; Richard Overy, The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality (New York: Norton, 2000), 81–88.
69.Winston Churchill to Franklin Roosevelt, December 7, 1940, in Warren Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 103–5.
70.“War Cabinet Plans to Meet a Certain Eventuality,” Report by Chiefs of Staff Committee, June 11, 1940, CAB 66/8, TNA.
71.Winston Churchill to Joseph Stalin, June 25, 1940, in Gilbert, Churchill War Papers, vol. 2, 417.
72.Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s Table Talk, 24.
73.DGFP, Series D, vol. 12, 1066.
74.John Lukacs, The Last European War: September 1939–December 1941 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 139; Sean McMeekin, Stalin’s War: A New History of World War II (New York: Hachette, 2021), 326–82.
75.Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler’s Germany, Stalin’s Russia (New York: Norton, 2006), 483.
76.Gorodetsky, ed., Maisky Diaries, 354.
77.Memorandum on Discussions with Stalin, July 31, 1941, FRUS 1941, vol. 1, document 752.
78.Simms and Laderman, Hitler’s American Gamble, 36.
79.Simms, Hitler, 214.
80.Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat on National Security, December 29, 1940, APP.
81.Franklin Roosevelt, Press Conference on National Defense, May 30, 1940, Roosevelt Press Conferences, FDRL.
82.Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, September 11, 1941, APP.
83.Franklin Roosevelt, Press Conference, June 14, 1940, Roosevelt Press Conferences, FDRL.
84.Franklin Roosevelt, Address at University of Virginia, June 10, 1940, APP.
85.Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat on National Security, December 29, 1940, APP.
86.Charles Lindbergh, “Election Promises Should Be Kept: We Lack Leadership That Places America First,” Address at Madison Square Garden, May 23, 1941.
87.Charles Kupchan, Isolationism: A History of America’s Efforts to Shield Itself from the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020), 293; Mark Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 13–14, 25.
88.Julian Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security—from World War II to the War on Terrorism (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 47.
89.Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 43.
90.Warren Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939–1941 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969); Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
