3.Saul Friedländer, Prelude to Downfall: Hitler and the United States, 1939–1941 (New York: Knopf, 1967), 171.
4.DGFP, Series D, vol. 13, 40–41.
5.“Atlantic Charter,” August 14, 1941, Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School.
6.Brendan Simms and Charlie Laderman, Hitler’s American Gamble: Pearl Harbor and Germany’s March to Global War (New York: Basic Books, 2021), 29; Klaus Schmider, Hitler’s Fatal Miscalculation: Why Germany Declared War on the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021).
7.A good discussion of these leaders is Gerhard Weinberg, Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005). See also Brendan Simms, Hitler: A Global Biography (New York: Basic Books, 2019), esp. 50.
8.DBFP, 98.
9.Richard Overy, Blood and Ruins: The Last Imperial War, 1931–1945 (New York: Penguin, 2022).
10.James Crowley, “A New Asian Order,” in Bernard Silberman and H. D. Harootunian, eds., Japan in Crisis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), 281–82; Michael Barnhart, Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919–1941 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988).
11.DGFP, Series D, vol. 1, 31.
12.James Crowley, Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 195.
13.Akira Iriye, The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific (New York: Routledge, 1987), 61. See also S. C. M. Paine, The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 113; Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations throughout History (New York: Norton, 1997), 155–62.
14.E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations [1939] (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), 230.
15.Seva Gunitsky, Aftershocks: Great Powers and Domestic Reforms in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017), 101.
16.The Japanese model of fascism was significantly different from the German and Italian models, in part because of the role that the emperor played as divine authority.
17.John Gooch, Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922–1940 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 124; P. M. H. Bell, The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (New York: Longman, 1986), 53–87.
18.Adam Tooze, The Deluge: The Great War, America and the Remaking of the Global Order, 1916–1931 (New York: Penguin, 2015), 513.
19.DGFP, Series D, vol. 8, 895.
20.Waller Newell, Tyrants: Power, Injustice, and Terror (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019); Giuseppe Finaldi, Mussolini and Italian Fascism (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2014).
21.Kenneth Scott, “Mussolini and the Roman Empire,” Classical Journal 27 (1932): 652–53.
22.Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 124; Weinberg, Visions of Victory.
23.DGFP, Series D, vol. 12, 760.
24.Henry Morgenthau to Franklin D. Roosevelt, October 17, 1938, Morgenthau Presidential Diaries, FDRL.
25.Felix Chuev, Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics: Conversations with Felix Chuev (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993), 18.
26.Stephen Kotkin, Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 (New York: Penguin, 2017), 673, 769.
27.DGFP, Series D, vol. 11, esp. 554–59.
28.Kotkin, Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 816–17.
