91.Waldo Heinrichs, Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), esp. 10.
92.William Leahy, diary entry, September 12, 1941, Reel 2, Leahy Papers, LC.
93.DGFP, Series D, vol. 10, 199.
94.Simms and Laderman, Hitler’s American Gamble, 29; Schmider, Hitler’s Fatal Miscalculation.
95.DGFP, Series D, vol. 13, 377; DGFP, Series D, vol. 12, 219–21.
96.Joseph Grew, Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952), 1257; Michael Green, By More Than Providence: Grand Strategy and American Power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), 182.
97.Paine, The Japanese Empire, 153.
98.Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 273–74.
99.Ernst Presseisen, Germany and Japan: A Study in Totalitarian Diplomacy, 1933–1941 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1959), esp. 242–43.
100.Grew to Roosevelt, December 14, 1940, FRUS 1940, vol. 4, document 493.
101.Heinrichs, Threshold of War, 7.
102.Eri Hotta, Japan 1941: Countdown to Infamy (New York: Vintage, 2014), 148.
103.Jeffrey Record, Japan’s Decision for War in 1941 (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2009), 25.
104.Heinrichs, Threshold of War, 183. See also Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, 241.
105.Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 242.
106.Roosevelt to Grew, January 21, 1941, FRUS 1941, vol. 4, document 5.
107.Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack: Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Congress of the United States, 79th Congress, 2nd Session, document No. 244 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 177.
108.GDFP, Series D, vol. 13, 994.
109.Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, The Grand Alliance (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), 539–40.
110.Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (New York: Norton, 1997), 2; Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (New York: Penguin, 2008), xxiii.
111.“Bohlen Minutes,” November 28, 1943, FRUS: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, document 360.
112.Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 383.
113.Overy, Why the Allies Won, 4.
114.Henry Morgenthau, diary entry, November 26, 1941, Morgenthau Presidential Diaries, FDRL.
115.Gershom Gorenberg, War of Shadows: Codebreakers, Spies, and the Secret Struggle to Drive the Nazis from the Middle East (New York: Hachette, 2021), 296.
116.Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York: Free Press, 1992), 376; George Baer, One Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U.S. Navy, 1890–1990 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), esp. 194–96.
117.Francis Lowenheim, Harold Langley, and Manfred Jonas, Roosevelt and Churchill: The Secret Wartime Correspondence (New York: Saturday Review Press, 1975), 262; Jonathan Dimbleby, The Battle of the Atlantic: How the Allies Won the War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), esp. 336–40; Paul Kennedy, Victory at Sea: Naval Power and the Transformation of the Global Order in World War II (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021), 204–5.
118.King to Joint Chiefs of Staff, May 1942, Box 4, Safe File, FDRL.
119.Fading Victory: The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki, 1941–1945, translated by Masatakaya Chihaya (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991), 52.
120.Curtin to Casey, February 22, 1942, Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Historical Documents, July 1941–June 1942, vol. 5, document 358; S. C. M. Paine, The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 188–89.
