29.Hal Brands and Charles Edel, The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), 59; Donald Kagan, On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace (New York: Knopf, 1996).
30.Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., The Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St. Jamess, 1932–1943 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), 42.
31.Roosevelt, “Address at Chicago,” October 5, 1937, APP.
32.DBFP, Third Series, vol. 1, 217.
33.Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: Penguin, 2006), 345.
34.The crisis has entered history as “the Munich crisis” because that is where the climactic meetings were held.
35.Williamson Murray, The Change in the European Balance of Power, 1938–1939: The Path to Ruin (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); also Ferguson, War of the World, 363–66; Nicholas Mulder, The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022), 246–49.
36.DBFP, Third Series, vol. 1, 226.
37.DGFP, Series D, vol. 6, 379.
38.DBFP, Third Series, vol. 1, 221; Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, October 8, 1938, CAB 24/279/14, TNA.
39.Press Conference, June 5, 1940, Press Conferences of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933–1945, Box 1, FDRL; Mackenzie King to Anthony Eden, July 6, 1937, FO 0954-4A-241, TNA.
40.See Michael Howard, The Continental Commitment: The Dilemma of British Defence Policy in the Era of the Two World Wars (London: Ashfield, 1989), esp. 118.
41.DGFP, Series D, vol. 10, 207.
42.Kotkin, Stalin: Waiting for Hitler; Roger Moorhouse, The Devil’s Alliance: Hitler’s Pact with Stalin, 1939–1941 (New York: Basic Books, 2014).
43.Franklin Roosevelt, Excerpts from Press Conference, August 8, 1939, APP.
44.Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, 332.
45.C. A. MacDonald, The United States, Britain, and Appeasement, 1938–1939 (London: Macmillan, 1981), 48; Anglo-French Conversations at Quai d’Orsay, November 24, 1938, DBFP, Third Series, vol. 3, 308.
46.DGFP, Series D, vol 1, 641.
47.John Clancy, The Most Dangerous Moment of the War: Japan’s Attack on the Indian Ocean, 1942 (Oxford: Casemate, 2015); Ronald Spector, Eagle against the Sun: The American War with Japan (New York: Free Press, 1985), chs. 2–7.
48.Williamson Murray, “May 1940: Contingency and Fragility of the German RMA,” in MacGregor Knox and Williamson Murray, eds., Dynamics of Military Revolution, 1300–2050 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), esp. 155; Michael Geyer, “German Strategy in the Age of Machine Warfare, 1914–1945,” in Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).
49.See Ernest May, Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France (New York: Hill & Wang, 2000).
50.Williamson Murray, “A Whale against an Elephant: Britain and Germany,” in James Lacey, ed., Great Strategic Rivalries: From the Classical World to the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 397; Gerhard Weinberg, Hitler’s Foreign Policy, 1933–1939: The Road to World War II (New York: Enigma, 2005), 374–77.
51.Ferguson, War of the World, 367.
52.Gordon Wright, The Ordeal of Total War, 1939–1945 (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 117.
53.Speech by Prime Minister General Tojo Hideki to Assembly of Greater Asiatic Nations, November 5, 1943, available online at World Future Fund.
54.John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986), esp. 42–43.
55.Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 163.
56.Volker Ullrich, Hitler: Downfall, 1939–1945 (New York: Vintage, 2021), 267.
