34.Evan Osnos, “The Future of America’s Contest with China,” New Yorker, January 13, 2020.
35.Liza Tobin, “Xi’s Vision for Transforming Global Governance,” Texas National Security Review, November 2018.
36.Daniel Tobin, “How Xi Jinping’s ‘New Era’ Should Have Ended U.S. Debate on Beijing’s Ambitions,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 2020; Rush Doshi, The Long Game: China’s Grand Strategy to Displace the American Order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021); Elizabeth Economy, The World According to China (London: Polity, 2022).
37.See Minxin Pei, “China’s Asia?,” Project Syndicate, December 3, 2014; also Aaron Friedberg, A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia (New York: Norton, 2022).
38.“China Won’t Give Up ‘One Inch’ of Territory Says President Xi to Mattis,” BBC News, June 28, 2018.
39.Ken Moriyasu, “For U.S., Pacific Showdown with China a Long Time Coming,” Nikkei Asia, October 29, 2015.
40.Prashanth Parameswaran, “U.S. Blasts China’s ‘Great Wall of Sand’ in the South China Sea,” Diplomat, April 1, 2015; Jennifer Lind, “Life in China’s Asia: What Regional Hegemony Would Look Like,” Foreign Affairs, March–April 2018.
41.U.S. Department of Defense, 2022 Report on Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China; Noah Robertson, “China More Than Doubled Its Nuclear Arsenal since 2020, Pentagon Says,” Defense News, October 19, 2023.
42.Michael Martina and David Brunnstrom, “CIA Chief Warns against Underestimating Xi’s Ambitions toward Taiwan,” Reuters, February 2, 2023.
43.Toshi Yoshihara and James Holmes, Red Star over the Pacific: China’s Rise and the Challenge to U.S. Maritime Strategy (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2018), 86.
44.Author’s interview with Japanese official, November 2022; author’s interviews with Australian officials, November 2022.
45.Yoshihara and Holmes, Red Star, 116–17; Geoffrey Gresh, To Rule Eurasia’s Waves: The New Great Power Competition at Sea (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020), 172.
46.Yun Sun, “Westward Ho! As America Pivots East, China Marches in the Other Direction,” Foreign Policy, February 7, 2013.
47.See “Full Text of President Xi’s Speech at Opening of Belt and Road Forum,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, May 15, 2017.
48.Sheena Greitens, “Dealing with Demand for China’s Global Surveillance Exports,” Brookings Institution, April 2020; Daniel Markey, China’s Western Horizon: Beijing and the New Geopolitics of Eurasia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020); Sulmaan Wasif Khan, Haunted by Chaos: China’s Grand Strategy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 230–31.
49.Christina Garafola, Stephen Watts, and Kristin Leuschner, China’s Global Basing Ambitions: Defense Implications for the United States (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2022).
50.Markey, China’s Western Horizon, 168.
51.Nadège Rolland, China’s Eurasian Century? Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative (Seattle: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2017), 143. See also Bruno Maçaes, The Dawn of Eurasia: On the Trail of the New World Order (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018).
52.Niharika Mandhana, Rajesh Roy, and Chun Han Wong, “The Deadly India–China Clash: Spiked Clubs and Fists at 14,000 Feet,” Wall Street Journal, June 17, 2020.
53.Jacob Helberg, The Wires of War: Technology and the Global Struggle for Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2021).
54.Elsa Kania, “ ‘AI Weapons’ in China’s Military Innovation,” Brookings Institution, April 2020; Julian Gewirtz, “China’s Long March to Technological Supremacy,” Foreign Affairs, August 27, 2019; Eyck Freymann, One Belt One Road: Chinese Power Meets the World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2021).
55.Ross Andersen, “The Panopticon Is Already Here,” Atlantic, September 2020.
