56.Austin Ramzy and Chris Buckley, “ ‘Absolutely No Mercy’: Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detention of Muslims,” New York Times, November 16, 2019.

57.Sean Roberts, The War on the Uyghurs: China’s Internal Campaign against a Muslim Minority (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2020), esp. 2, 174–75.

58.Max Seddon, “Putin’s Made-for-TV Security Debate Gives Him Answers He Wants to Hear on Ukraine,” Financial Times, February 21, 2022.

59.Steve Holland and Jeff Mason, “Obama, in Dig at Putin, Calls Russia ‘Regional Power,’ ” Reuters, March 25, 2014.

60.Stephen Kotkin, “Russia’s Perpetual Geopolitics: Putin Returns to the Historical Pattern,” Foreign Affairs, May–June 2016, 3.

61.The best study of Putin is Fiona Hill and Clifford Gaddy, Mr. Putin: Operative in the Kremlin (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2015).

62.Anna Borshchevskaya, Putin’s War in Syria: Russian Foreign Policy and the Price of America’s Absence (New York: Bloomsbury, 2021), 45.

63.Steven Lee Myers, The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin (New York: Knopf, 2016), 266.

64.“Ukraine Conflict: Putin ‘Was Ready for Nuclear Alert,’ ” BBC News, March 15, 2015; Defense Intelligence Agency, Russia Military Power: Building a Military to Support Great Power Aspirations, 2017.

65.Vladimir Putin, “A New Integration Project for Eurasia: The Future in the Making,” Izvestia, October 3, 2011; Thomas Ambrosio, Authoritarian Backlash: Russian Resistance to Democratization in the Former Soviet Union (New York: Routledge, 2016).

66.Patricia Lewis, “Russian Treaty Proposals Hark Back to Post-Cold War Era,” Chatham House, December 19, 2021.

67.Jeffrey Mankoff, Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great-Power Politics (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), 46.

68.Heather Conley and Matthew Melino, “Russian Malign Influence in Montenegro: The Weaponization and Exploitation of History, Religion, and Economics,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 14, 2019; Evan Osnos et al., “Trump, Putin, and the New Cold War,” New Yorker, March 6, 2017.

69.“Minister: Russian Operation in Syria Stopped Chain of Color Revolutions in Middle East,” TASS, February 21, 2017.

70.Michael Kofman, “Raiding and International Brigandry: Russia’s Strategy for Great Power Competition,” War on the Rocks, June 14, 2018; Julia Gurganus and Eugene Rumer, “Russia’s Global Ambitions in Perspective,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 2019.

71.Daniel R. Coats, “Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community,” Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 29, 2019, 4.

72.Stuart Lau, “Why Xi Jinping Is Still Vladimir Putin’s Best Friend,” Politico Europe, March 20, 2023.

73.Kaplan, Revenge of Geography, 171.

74.Daniel Treisman, “Crimea: Anatomy of a Decision,” in Treisman, ed., The New Autocracy: Information, Politics, and Policy in Putin’s Russia (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2018).

75.Daniel Treisman, “Putin Unbound: How Repression at Home Presaged Belligerence Abroad,” Foreign Affairs, May–June 2022, 42. See also Robert Nalbandov, Not by Bread Alone: Russian Foreign Policy under Putin (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016), 9–11.

76.Kathryn Stoner, Russia Resurrected: Its Power and Purpose in a New Global Order (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 216.

77.“Valdai International Discussion Club Meeting,” Kremlin website, October 27, 2022; Lilia Shevtsova, “The Authoritarian Resurgence: Forward to the Past in Russia,” Journal of Democracy, April 2015, 22–37.

78.“Creating Common Humanitarian, Economic Zone from Lisbon to Vladivostok Is Possible—Putin,” TASS, October 27, 2022.

79.Seth Jones, Three Dangerous Men: Russia, China, Iran, and the Rise of Irregular Warfare (New York: Norton, 2021).

80.Ken Dilanian and Courtney Kube, “Airport Informants, Overhead Drones: How the U.S. Killed Soleimani,” NBC News, January 10, 2020.

81.Anthony Lake, “Confronting Backlash States,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 1994, 45–55.

82.Karim Sadjadpour, “Iran’s Hollow Victory: The High Price of Regional Dominance,” Foreign Affairs, March–April 2022, 30.

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