30.Geoffrey Wawro, A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 111; Imanuel Geiss, “The Outbreak of the First World War and German War Aims,” Journal of Contemporary History, July 1966, 75–92; Copeland, Origins of Major War, 79–117.
31.Konrad H. Jarausch, “The Illusion of Limited War: Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg’s Calculated Risk, July 1914,” Central European History, March 1969, 48.
32.Geiss, ed., July 1914, 198–99.
33.Martin Gilbert, The First World War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994), 33–34.
34.Memorandum by Eyre Crowe, enclosure in No. 369, July 31, 1914, available at World War I Document Archive. See also Michael Howard, The Continental Commitment: The Dilemma of British Defence Policy in the Era of the Two World Wars (London: Ashfield, 1989).
35.Hastings, Catastrophe 1914, 81; Zara Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War: The Making of the 20th Century (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977).
36.Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 101–6.
37.Fritz Fischer, War of Illusions: German Policies from 1911 to 1914, translated by Marian Jackson (New York: Norton, 1975), 547.
38.Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 283.
39.Margaret MacMillan, The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (New York: Random House, 2014), 596.
40.Van Evera, Causes of War, 204.
41.Nicholas Lambert, Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), 232.
42.Michael Howard, The First World War: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 29–34; Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York: Free Press, 1992), 168–69.
43.Lambert, Planning Armageddon; Geoffrey Bennett, The Battle of Jutland (Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books, 2015), 157.
44.The critical developments were Serbia’s defeat and Bulgaria’s entry on the side of the Central Powers, which created a land corridor connecting Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.
45.Official German Documents Relating to the World War, translated by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Division of International Law, vol. 2 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1923), 1119.
46.Lambert, Planning Armageddon, 325.
47.John Ellis, Eye-Deep in Hell: Trench Warfare in World War I (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 93; Geoffrey Parker, ed., The Cambridge History of Warfare (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020), 252–54.
48.Hastings, Catastrophe 1914, xvii–xviii.
49.MacMillan, War That Ended Peace, 596–97.
50.Kotkin, Stalin, 152; also Diana Preston, A Higher Form of Killing: Six Weeks in World War I That Forever Changed the Nature of Warfare (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2014).
51.Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War: Explaining World War I (New York: Basic Books, 2000), xxiv.
52.Max Boot, War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History (New York: Gotham, 2006), 198.
53.William McNeil, Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A.D. 1000 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 322; War Office of Great Britain, Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1920 (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1922), 485.
54.David Reynolds, The Long Shadow: The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century (New York: Norton, 2015), xxv.
55.Howard, First World War, 60.
56.Secretary of the War Committee, “The General Review of the War,” October 31, 1916, CAB 42/22/14, TNA.
