85.Beatrice Heuser, The Evolution of Strategy: Thinking War from Antiquity to the Present (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 193.
86.Michael Geyer, “German Strategy in the Age of Machine Warfare, 1914–1945,” in Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 548.
87.David Stevenson, 1917, 368; Kotkin, Stalin, 186–89.
88.Political Intelligence Department, Foreign Office, “The Bolsheviks (II),” March–November 1917, CAB 24/47/50, TNA.
89.Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Victory through Coalition: Britain and France during the First World War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 102.
90.Gordon Craig, Germany, 1866–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 369.
91.Ministry of Shipping, “The Shipping Crisis: June 1917,” CAB 24/16/75, TNA.
92.Baer, One Hundred Years of Sea Power, 68.
93.Christopher Mick, “1918: Endgame,” in Winter, ed., Cambridge History of the First World War, vol. 1, 147.
94.Greenhalgh, Victory through Coalition, 202, 205–7; David Stevenson, With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918 (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2011).
95.Halford J. Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot of History,” Geographical Journal, April 1904, 436.
96.Remarks by Secretary of State for War on the Chancellor of the Exchequer’s Memorandum on the Conduct of the War, February 25, 1915, CAB 24/1, TNA.
97.Greenhalgh, Victory through Coalition, 70–71.
98.Robertson Memorandum, January 1, 1916, CAB 42/7/1, TNA.
99.Memo Circulated by Prime Minister to Delegates at the Conference of the Allies, January 1917, G-106, CAB 24/3, TNA.
100.French view summarized in a meeting of the British War Council, January 13, 1916, CAB 42/7/5, TNA.
101.Meeting of the War Council, March 10, 1915, CAB 42/2/5, TNA; Nicholas Lambert, The War Lords and the Gallipoli Disaster: How Globalized Trade Led Britain to Its Worst Defeat of the First World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021).
102.McMeekin, Ottoman Endgame, 250–53; “A Canadian Soldier at Gallipoli (1915),” Alpha History online.
103.Halford J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction [1919] (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1942), 44.
104.Imperial War Cabinet, March 20, 1917, CAB 23/43, TNA; statistic from Anand Toprani, Oil and the Great Powers: Britain and Germany, 1914 to 1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 60–61.
105.Tooze, Deluge, 36–37.
106.Greenhalgh, Victory through Coalition, 109, 111–12.
107.Mulder, Economic Weapon, 28.
108.Strachan, First World War, 218.
109.Report of Cabinet Committee on War Policy, August 10, 1917, CAB 24/4, TNA.
110.Greenhalgh, Victory through Coalition, 42–43, 283.
111.Official German Documents, vol. 2, 1152.
112.Edward House, diary entry, April 1, 1919, EHP.
113.On this point, see Robert Kagan, “Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of Modern American Grand Strategy,” in Hal Brands, ed., The New Makers of Modern Strategy: From the Ancient World to the Digital Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023).
114.See, for instance, Warren F. Kuehl, Seeking World Order: The United States and International Organization to 1920 (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1969).
115.Edward House, diary entry, January 4, 1917, EHP.
116.Edward House to Woodrow Wilson, August 22, 1914, in Charles Seymour, ed., The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1926), 284–85.
117.Lansing, “The President’s Attitude toward Great Britain and Its Dangers,” September 1916, Private Memorandum, Robert Lansing Papers, LC.
118.Kagan, Ghost at the Feast, 178.
119.Memorandum for the Prime Minister, January 27, 1916, CAB 42/8/9, TNA.
120.Official German Documents, vol. 2, 1061–64, 1086–1106. For a contrary argument, see Philip Zelikow, The Road Less Traveled: The Secret Battle to End the Great War, 1916–1917 (New York: PublicAffairs, 2021).
