121.Arthur Link, Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace, 1916–1917, vol. 5 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965), 28.
122.Justus Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: A New History of America’s Entry into World War I (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011), 45. Roughly $7 billion in lending came after U.S. intervention; over $2 billion came in private loans before April 1917. On private lending, see Richard van Alstyne, “Private American Loans to the Allies, 1914–1916,” Pacific Historical Review, June 1933, 180.
123.War Committee Minutes, November 28, 1916, CAB 42/26/2, TNA.
124.Edward House to Woodrow Wilson, March 26, 1915, in Seymour, ed. Intimate Papers, vol. 1, 403–4.
125.Joseph Patrick Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Knew Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 232.
126.Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War; Ernest May, The World War and American Isolation, 1914–1917 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959); and Kagan, Ghost at the Feast, offer interpretations.
127.See Theodore Roosevelt to Kuno Meyer, January 7, 1915, Theodore Roosevelt Papers, LC.
128.Ross Kennedy, “Woodrow Wilson, World War I, and an American Conception of National Security,” Diplomatic History, Winter 2001, 1–31, quoted at 4.
129.“An Address to His Fellow Passengers,” July 4, 1919, PWW.
130.Wilson, “Address to a Joint Session of Congress Requesting a Declaration of War against Germany,” April 2, 1917, APP.
131.Official German Documents, vol. 2, 1268.
132.Official German Documents, vol. 2, 1156.
133.May, World War and American Isolation, 414–15.
134.Chancellor of the Exchequer, “Our Financial Position in America,” November 1916, CAB 42/22/4, TNA.
135.Seymour, ed. Intimate Papers, vol. 2, 471.
136.Senator William Norris in Victor L. Berger, Hearing before the Special Committee, Appointed under the Authority of House Resolution No. 6 Concerning the Right of Victor L. Berger to Be Sworn In as a Member of the Sixty-Sixth Congress, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919), 470.
137.Wilson, “Address to a Joint Session of Congress.”
138.Winston Churchill, The World Crisis, 1911–1918 [1923] (New York: Free Press, 2005), 696.
139.Allan Millett, Peter Maslowski, and William Feis, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States from 1607 to 2012 (New York: Free Press, 2012), 309; Mark Grotelueschen, The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 11.
140.Holger Herwig and David Trask, “The Failure of Imperial Germany’s Undersea Offensive against World Shipping, February 1917–October 1918,” Historian, August 1971, 619; Baer, One Hundred Years of Sea Power, 67.
141.Hindenburg’s remarks, April 9, 1918, available at firstworldwar.com.
142.David Woodward, Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993), 170.
143.Baer, One Hundred Years of Sea Power, 80.
144.Keegan, First World War, 407.
145.Hague to MilStaff, Washington, October 25, 1918, Woodrow Wilson Papers, WWP25324, LC; Gilbert, First World War, 434–48; Robert Zieger, America’s Great War: World War I and the American Experience (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 98.
146.Baer, One Hundred Years of Sea Power, 70, 75–76.
147.Gilbert, First World War, 468.
148.Tooze, Deluge, is excellent on these issues.
149.Tasker Bliss to Newton Baker, July 22, 1918, Woodrow Wilson Papers, WWP25076, LC.
150.Howard, First World War, 51; Kagan, Ghost at the Feast.
151.Wilson, “A Flag Day Address,” June 14, 1917, PWW.
152.Millett, Maslowski, and Feis, For the Common Defense, 314–15; Tooze, Deluge, 203.
153.George Noble, Policies and Opinions in Paris, 1919: Wilsonian Diplomacy, the Versailles Peace, and French Public Opinion (New York: Macmillan, 1935), 160.
